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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "34"

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition *** existing text overwritten ***)
(Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 1958)
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=== 340 ===
 
=== 340 ===
  
The population may be classified by the {{TextTerm|language|1}} or {{TextTerm|dialect|2}} habitually spoken. A distinction is drawn between an individual’s {{TextTerm|mother language|3}} or {{TextTerm|mother tongue|3}} which is the language spoken in his home in his earliest childhood, and his {{TextTerm|usual language|4}}, which is the language customarily used by him. The distinction between the two is not always very easy among people who are {{TextTerm|bilingual|5}} or {{TextTerm|multilingual|5}}. The statistics that present information on these topics are called {{TextTerm|statistics of language|6}}.
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The population may be classified by the {{TextTerm|language|1|340}} or {{TextTerm|dialect|2|340}} habitually spoken. A distinction is drawn between an individual’s {{TextTerm|mother language|3|340|OtherIndexEntry=language, mother}} or {{TextTerm|mother tongue|3|340|2|OtherIndexEntry=tongue, mother}} which is the language spoken in his home in his earliest childhood, and his {{TextTerm|usual language|4|340|OtherIndexEntry=language, usual}}, which is the language customarily used by him. The distinction between the two is not always very easy among people who are {{TextTerm|bilingual|5|340}} or {{TextTerm|multilingual|5|340|2}}.
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Language}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|linguistic}}, adj.}}<br />{{NoteTerm|Linguistics}}, n.: the study of the nature, structure, origin and meaning of language and human speech.
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{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|language}} n. {{NoteTerm|linguistic}} adj.}}
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Dialect}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|dialectal}}, adj. A dialect is a variety of language that is distinguished by its pattern of pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary.}}
 
{{Note|5| {{NoteTerm|Bilingual}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|bilingualism}}, n.}}
 
  
 
=== 341 ===
 
=== 341 ===
  
{{TextTerm|Religious statistics|1}} divide the population by religious affiliation. A distinction is generally drawn between the major {{TextTerm|religions|2}} and their principal {{TextTerm|denominations|3}}, {{TextTerm|rites|4}} or {{TextTerm|sects|5}}. Persons who have no religion may describe themselves as {{TextTerm|agnostics|6}}, {{TextTerm|freethinkers|6}} or {{TextTerm|atheists|6}}.
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{{TextTerm|Religious statistics|1|341|OtherIndexEntry=statistics, religious}} divide the population by religious affiliation. A distinction is generally drawn between the major {{TextTerm|religions|2|341|IndexEntry=religion}} and their principal {{TextTerm|denominations|3|341|IndexEntry=denomination}}, {{TextTerm|rites|4|341|IndexEntry=rite}} or {{TextTerm|sects|5|341|IndexEntry=sect}} . Persons who have no religion may describe themselves as {{TextTerm|agnostics|6|341|IndexEntry=agnostic}}, {{TextTerm|freethinkers|6|341|2|IndexEntry=freethinker}} or {{TextTerm|atheists|6|341|3|IndexEntry=atheist}}.
{{Note|4| {{NoteTerm|Rite}}, n. may also be used in the sense of a religious ceremony.}}
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{{Note|4| {{NoteTerm|rite}} n. may also be used in the sense of a religious ceremony.}}
  
 
=== 342 ===
 
=== 342 ===
  
The population is also often classified by {{TextTerm|educational status|1}}. ( Individuals who can read and write are called {{TextTerm|literate|2}}; those who have reached a certain age and cannot are {{TextTerm|illiterate|3}}. Often completion of a particular grade or level of schooling is assumed to confer literacy. {{TextTerm|Educational attainment statistics|4}} classify individuals by {{TextTerm|grade attainment|5}}, {{TextTerm|years of school completed|5}} or, more rarely, by {{TextTerm|age at leaving school|6}}. Another type of classification is based upon the {{TextTerm|diploma|7}}, {{TextTerm|degree|7}} or {{TextTerm|certificate|7}} obtained, and depends on the organization of {{TextTerm|instruction|8}} in each country.
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The population is also often classified by {{TextTerm|educational status|1|342|IndexEntry=education, status|OtherIndexEntry=status, educational}}. A person who can neither read nor write is called {{TextTerm|illiterate|2|342}}. A {{TextTerm|literate|3|342}} person is one who is able both to read and to write. A person who is able only to read but not to write may be called {{TextTerm|semi-literate|4|342}} and such persons are sometimes classed with the literate and at other times with the illiterate population. The term "semi-literate" is also used colloquially to denote a person who can read or write only with difficulty. Statistics dealing with these groups of persons are called {{TextTerm|literacy statistics|5|342}}. Educational status is, however, also often expressed in terms of {{TextTerm|years of schooling completed|6|342|IndexEntry=years of schooling, completed}} or in terms of the highest {{TextTerm|certificate|7|342}} or {{TextTerm|diploma|7|342|2|IndexEntry=diploma.}} or {{TextTerm|degree|7|342|3}} awarded. Such certificates will vary with the {{TextTerm|educational system|8|342|OtherIndexEntry=system, educational}} of each country.
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Literate}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|literacy}}, n. {{NoteTerm|Literacy statistics}} are the part of {{NoteTerm|education statistics}} that refer to the ability to read and write. The {{NoteTerm|literacy ratio}} is the proportion of the population covered that is literate. Its complement is the {{NoteTerm|illiteracy ratio}}.}}
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{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|illiterate}} adj. {{NoteTerm|illiteracy}} n.}}
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Illiterate}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|illiteracy}}, n. A person who is able to read but not write may be called {{NoteTerm|semi-literate}}, and such persons are sometimes classed with the literate and at other times with the illiterate population.}}
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{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|literate}} adj. {{NoteTerm|literacy}} n.}}
{{Note|4| The ''school-age population'' ({{RefNumber|34|6|7}}) is often classifed by grade or {{NoteTerm|level of enrollment}}, and attainment is then presented only for the population beyond normal school age.}}
 
  
 
=== 343 ===
 
=== 343 ===
  
The {{TextTerm|education system|1}} includes all institutions, public and private providing instruction in a country. Where both types exist a distinction is made between {{TextTerm|public education|2}} and {{TextTerm|private education|3}}. After {{TextTerm|pre-school education|4}}, it is usual to distinguish between three {{TextTerm|levels of education|5}} which are in ascending order: {{TextTerm|primary education|6}}, {{TextTerm|secondary education|7}}, itself often divided into several {{TextTerm|cycles|8}} or {{TextTerm|tracks|8}}, and {{TextTerm|higher education|9}}. The latter includes, among others, courses of study that lead to a {{TextTerm|university degree|11}}. {{TextTerm|Technical education|12}} or {{TextTerm|vocational education|12}} may be offered either at the secondary or higher education level.
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It is usual to distinguish between three {{TextTerm|levels of education|1|343|IndexEntry=level of education|OtherIndexEntry=education, level of}} or {{TextTerm|stages of education|1|343|2|IndexEntry=stage of education|OtherIndexEntry=education, stages of}} which are in ascending order: {{TextTerm|primary education|2|343|OtherIndexEntry=education, primary}}, {{TextTerm|secondary education|3|343|OtherIndexEntry=education, secondary}} and {{TextTerm|higher education|4|343|OtherIndexEntry=education, higher}}. The nomenclature for the {{TextTerm|educational institutions|5|343|IndexEntry=educational institution|OtherIndexEntry=institution, educational}} in which these different stages of education are provided differs between different countries, but generally primary education is given in {{TextTerm|primary schools|6|343|IndexEntry=primary school|OtherIndexEntry=school, primary}} (344 B) or {{TextTerm|elementary schools|6|343|2|IndexEntry=elementary school|OtherIndexEntry=school, elementary}}, secondary education in {{TextTerm|secondary schools|7|343|IndexEntry=secondary school|OtherIndexEntry=school, secondary}} and the most advanced form of higher education in {{TextTerm|universities|8|343|IndexEntry=university}}.
  
 
=== 344 ===
 
=== 344 ===
  
Types of {{TextTerm|educational institutions|1}} and their names are a function of each country’s particular educational system. ''Pre-school education'' ({{RefNumber|34|3|4}}) is offered in {{TextTerm|nursery schools|2}} or {{TextTerm|kindergartens|2}}. The institutions that offer the three ''levels of education'' mentioned above ({{RefNumber|34|3|5}}) are usually called respectively: {{TextTerm|primary schools|3}} or {{TextTerm|elementary schools|3}}, {{TextTerm|secondary schools|4}} and {{TextTerm|colleges|5}} or {{TextTerm|universities|5}}; in addition to the latter, there may be various kinds of {{TextTerm|professional schools|6}}.
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A. In Great Britain, a {{NoteTerm|grammar school}} provides secondary education with an academic bias, a different kind of secondary education is provided in a {{NoteTerm|modern school}}. A {{NoteTerm|public school}} is one of a body of select secondary schools outside the state educational system altogether. Higher education below university level may be provided in {{NoteTerm|technical colleges}} or {{NoteTerm|continuation colleges}}. The term {{NoteTerm|college}} is used in a variety of senses. A college may be the constituent part of a university, or it may be a secondary school, or even a professional body such as the Royal College of Physicians. A {{NoteTerm|university college}} is an institution which has not full university status or it may be a constituent college of a university.
{{Note|5| The term {{NoteTerm|college}} is used in a variety of senses; a {{NoteTerm|university college}} is either an institution of higher learning which has not full university status, or it may be a constituent college of a university. }}
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=== 344 ===
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B. In the United States elementary schools are known as {{NoteTerm|primary schools}} ({{RefNumber|34|3|.6}}), {{NoteTerm|grade schools}} or {{NoteTerm|grammar schools}}, secondary schools are known as {{NoteTerm|high schools}}. A {{NoteTerm|public school}} is any school administered by a public authority; in contrast a {{NoteTerm|parochial school}} is administered by a religious organization, frequently the Roman Catholic Church.
  
 
=== 345 ===
 
=== 345 ===
  
A {{TextTerm|class|1}} (cf. {{RefNumber|13|0|8}}) is a group of {{TextTerm|pupils|2}} with the same {{TextTerm|teacher|3}} who meet in the same {{TextTerm|class-room|4}} and are generally instructed simultaneously. A group of pupils who are at the same level of educational advancement are said to be in the same {{TextTerm|grade|5}} in the United States of America, or in the same {{TextTerm|class|5}} or {{TextTerm|form|5}} (cf. {{RefNumber|20|6|1}}), in Great Britain. The term {{TextTerm|student|6}} is generally used for those receiving higher education, but is also interchangeable with "pupil" at the secondary level.
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A {{TextTerm|class|1|345}} (cf. {{RefNumber|13|0|.8}}) is a group of {{TextTerm|pupils|2|345|IndexEntry=pupil}} with the same {{TextTerm|teacher|3|345}} who meet in the same {{TextTerm|class-room|4|345}} and are generally instructed simultaneously. A group of pupils who are at the same level of educational advancement are said to be in the same {{TextTerm|grade|5|345}} in the United States of America, or in the same {{TextTerm|class|5|345|2}} or {{TextTerm|form|5|345|3}} (cf. {{RefNumber|20|6|.1}}), in Great Britain. The term {{TextTerm|student|6|345}} is generally used for those receiving higher education, but is also interchangeable with "pupil" at the secondary level.
 
{{Note|2| A {{NoteTerm|scholar}} in Britain is generally a pupil or student who has been given a scholarship from public or private funds; the use of the term as a synonym for pupil is archaic. In the United States of America such a student would be called a {{NoteTerm|scholarship holder}} or {{NoteTerm|scholarship student}}.}}
 
{{Note|2| A {{NoteTerm|scholar}} in Britain is generally a pupil or student who has been given a scholarship from public or private funds; the use of the term as a synonym for pupil is archaic. In the United States of America such a student would be called a {{NoteTerm|scholarship holder}} or {{NoteTerm|scholarship student}}.}}
{{Note|6| A university student who has not yet taken his first degree is an {{NoteTerm|undergraduate}}. A {{NoteTerm|graduate}} (cf. {{RefNumber|15|1|1}}*) in Great Britain is the holder of a university degree; in the United States of America the term may be used for anyone completing his studies at the university, high school, or even primary school. {{NoteTerm|In}} the ''U.S.,'' a {{NoteTerm|graduate student}} is one who is pursuing a second degree, the equivalent of a {{NoteTerm|post-graduate student}} in the British system.}}
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{{Note|6| A university student who has not yet taken his first degree is an {{NoteTerm|undergraduate}}. A {{NoteTerm|graduate}} (cf. {{RefNumber|15|1|.1}}*) in Great Britain is the holder of a university degree; in the United States of America the term may be used for anyone completing his studies at the university, high school, or even primary school.}}
  
 
=== 346 ===
 
=== 346 ===
  
{{TextTerm|Current school statistics|1}} may distinguish between the number of {{TextTerm|pupils enrolled|2}} and the number of {{TextTerm|pupils in attendance|3}}. A comparison of these two figures gives an {{TextTerm|attendance ratio|4}}. {{TextTerm|Compulsory education|5}} implies the existence of a range of ages where school attendance is obligatory by law. This makes it possible to specify the number of children of {{TextTerm|school age|6}} or the {{TextTerm|school-age population|7}} according to a legal criterion.
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{{TextTerm|Current school statistics|1|346|OtherIndexEntry=school statistics, current}} may distinguish between the number of {{TextTerm|pupils enrolled|2|346|IndexEntry=pupil enrolled|OtherIndexEntry=enrolled pupils}} and the number of {{TextTerm|pupils in attendance|3|346|IndexEntry=pupil in attendance|OtherIndexEntry=attendance, pupils in}}. A comparison of these two figures gives an {{TextTerm|attendance ratio|4|346|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, attendance}}. {{TextTerm|Compulsory education|5|346|OtherIndexEntry=education, compulsory}} implies the existence of a range of ages where school attendance is obligatory by law. This makes it possible to specify the number of children of {{TextTerm|school age|6|346|OtherIndexEntry=age, school}} or the {{TextTerm|school age population|7|346}} according to a legal criterion.
{{Note|4| The {{NoteTerm|attendance ratio}} is the ratio of pupils in attendance to pupils enrolled, whereas the {{NoteTerm|enrollment ratio}} is that of pupils enrolled to the school-age population.}}
 
 
 
=== 347 ===
 
 
 
Other statistics concern educational progression. An individual progresses normally grade by grade, from the lowest class of elementary school, to the end of his studies. {{TextTerm|Leaving school|1}}, where compulsory education is enforced, is exceptional during school age, barring illness or death. The {{TextTerm|dropout rate|2}} is the probability of leaving school before obtaining a degree, either during the year or at the end of a grade, and it is constructed in the same way as a probability of dying in a life table; its complement to one is the {{TextTerm|retention rate|3}}. Such rates can be used to compute a {{TextTerm|table of school life|4}}, from which it is possible to infer the {{TextTerm|mean length of education|5}}. At the end of the school year, pupils or students who do not terminate their studies, may either repeat the grade or move on to the next grade, with or without {{TextTerm|change of track|6}}.
 
  
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{{SummaryShort}}
 
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{{OtherLanguages|34}}
 
{{OtherLanguages|34}}

Revision as of 19:40, 7 November 2009


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Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9


340

The population may be classified by the language 1 or dialect 2 habitually spoken. A distinction is drawn between an individual’s mother language 3 or mother tongue 3 which is the language spoken in his home in his earliest childhood, and his usual language 4, which is the language customarily used by him. The distinction between the two is not always very easy among people who are bilingual 5 or multilingual 5.

  • 1. language n. — linguistic adj.

341

Religious statistics 1 divide the population by religious affiliation. A distinction is generally drawn between the major religions 2 and their principal denominations 3, rites 4 or sects 5 . Persons who have no religion may describe themselves as agnostics 6, freethinkers 6 or atheists 6.

  • 4. rite n. may also be used in the sense of a religious ceremony.

342

The population is also often classified by educational status 1. A person who can neither read nor write is called illiterate 2. A literate 3 person is one who is able both to read and to write. A person who is able only to read but not to write may be called semi-literate 4 and such persons are sometimes classed with the literate and at other times with the illiterate population. The term "semi-literate" is also used colloquially to denote a person who can read or write only with difficulty. Statistics dealing with these groups of persons are called literacy statistics 5. Educational status is, however, also often expressed in terms of years of schooling completed 6 or in terms of the highest certificate 7 or diploma 7 or degree 7 awarded. Such certificates will vary with the educational system 8 of each country.

  • 2. illiterate adj. — illiteracy n.
  • 3. literate adj. — literacy n.

343

It is usual to distinguish between three levels of education 1 or stages of education 1 which are in ascending order: primary education 2, secondary education 3 and higher education 4. The nomenclature for the educational institutions 5 in which these different stages of education are provided differs between different countries, but generally primary education is given in primary schools 6 (344 B) or elementary schools 6, secondary education in secondary schools 7 and the most advanced form of higher education in universities 8.

344

A. In Great Britain, a grammar school provides secondary education with an academic bias, a different kind of secondary education is provided in a modern school. A public school is one of a body of select secondary schools outside the state educational system altogether. Higher education below university level may be provided in technical colleges or continuation colleges. The term college is used in a variety of senses. A college may be the constituent part of a university, or it may be a secondary school, or even a professional body such as the Royal College of Physicians. A university college is an institution which has not full university status or it may be a constituent college of a university.

344

B. In the United States elementary schools are known as primary schools (343-.6), grade schools or grammar schools, secondary schools are known as high schools. A public school is any school administered by a public authority; in contrast a parochial school is administered by a religious organization, frequently the Roman Catholic Church.

345

A class 1 (cf. 130-.8) is a group of pupils 2 with the same teacher 3 who meet in the same class-room 4 and are generally instructed simultaneously. A group of pupils who are at the same level of educational advancement are said to be in the same grade 5 in the United States of America, or in the same class 5 or form 5 (cf. 206-.1), in Great Britain. The term student 6 is generally used for those receiving higher education, but is also interchangeable with "pupil" at the secondary level.

  • 2. A scholar in Britain is generally a pupil or student who has been given a scholarship from public or private funds; the use of the term as a synonym for pupil is archaic. In the United States of America such a student would be called a scholarship holder or scholarship student.
  • 6. A university student who has not yet taken his first degree is an undergraduate. A graduate (cf. 151-.1*) in Great Britain is the holder of a university degree; in the United States of America the term may be used for anyone completing his studies at the university, high school, or even primary school.

346

Current school statistics 1 may distinguish between the number of pupils enrolled 2 and the number of pupils in attendance 3. A comparison of these two figures gives an attendance ratio 4. Compulsory education 5 implies the existence of a range of ages where school attendance is obligatory by law. This makes it possible to specify the number of children of school age 6 or the school age population 7 according to a legal criterion.

* * *

Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9