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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "35"

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition *** existing text overwritten ***)
(Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 1958)
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=== 350 ===
 
=== 350 ===
  
A distinction is generally made between the {{TextTerm|working population|1}} or {{TextTerm|economically active population|1}} and the {{TextTerm|unoccupied population|2}} or {{TextTerm|economically inactive population|2}}. Generally speaking, the working population consists of those individuals engaged in {{TextTerm|gainful activities|3}}. A gainful activity, or {{TextTerm|economic activity|3}}, is an activity which contributes to the production of income. ''Unpaid family workers'' ({{RefNumber|35|3|5}}) are usually included in the economically active population. {{TextTerm|Homemakers|4}} or {{TextTerm|housewives|4}} engaged in unpaid domestic duties, students, retired workers, etc. are usually excluded. The members of the economically inactive population are sometimes referred to as {{TextTerm|dependents|5}} ({{RefNumber|35|8|1}}) in the sense that they subsist on the product of the working population. (See, however, the different sense of this term stated in para. 358). The ratio of the working population to the total population, usually computed with reference to a given sex-age group or other category, is called the {{TextTerm|activity ratio|6}} or {{TextTerm|labor force participation ratio|6}}.
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A distinction is generally made between the {{TextTerm|working population|1|350|OtherIndexEntry=population, working}} or {{TextTerm|economically active population|1|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=active population, economically}} and the {{TextTerm|unoccupied population|2|350|IndexEntry=unknown population|OtherIndexEntry=population, unoccupied}} or {{TextTerm|economically inactive population|2|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=inactive population, economically}}. Generally speaking, the working population consists of those individuals who take part in the production of economic goods and services, including unpaid family workers in an economic enterprise as well as persons who work for pay or profit. On occasions, however, only those pursuing a {{TextTerm|gainful occupation|3|350|OtherIndexEntry=occupation, gainful}} are included in the working population. {{TextTerm|Housewives|4|350|IndexEntry=housewife}} engaged in unpaid domestic duties, students, retired workers, etc. are usually excluded. The members of the economically inactive population are sometimes referred to as {{TextTerm|dependants|5|350|IndexEntry=dependant}} ({{RefNumber|35|8|.1}}) in the sense that they subsist on the product of the working population. (See, however, the different sense of this term stated in para. 358). The ratio of the working population to the total population, usually computed with reference to a given sex-age group or other category, is called the {{TextTerm|activity rate|5|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=rate, activity}} or {{TextTerm|labour force participation rate|6|350|OtherIndexEntry=participation rate, labour force}}.
{{Note|1| The terms {{NoteTerm|gainfully occupied population}}, {{NoteTerm|gainful workers}}, {{NoteTerm|labor force}} are used as synonyms for working population and economically active population.}}<br />For statistical measurement of the working population, the gainful worker concept or the labor force concept may be used. According to the {{NoteTerm|gainful worker concept}}, the working population is defined as being composed of those persons who have a gainful activity which they normally exercise. According to the {{NoteTerm|labor force concept}}, it is defined as the group of persons who were working at a gainful occupation or wanting or seeking such work during a specified period preceding the inquiry.
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{{Note|1| The terms {{NoteTerm|gainfully occupied population}}, {{NoteTerm|gainful workers}}, {{NoteTerm|labour force}} are often used as synonyms for {{NoteTerm|working population}} and {{NoteTerm|economically active population}}. These expressions are also used in another sense in accordance with the gainful worker concept or with the labour force concept (cf. para. {{RefNumber|35|1|}}).}}
 +
{{Note|5| The ratio of the economically inactive population to the working population, or a similar ratio computed with respect to the male population only, may be called the {{NoteTerm|dependancy ratio}}.}}
  
 
=== 351 ===
 
=== 351 ===
  
{{TextTerm|Workers|1}} who make up the working population can be classified as {{TextTerm|employed|2}} or {{TextTerm|unemployed|3}}. Under the ''labor force concept'' ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}} *), only persons who were actively {{TextTerm|seeking work|4}} or are on temporary layoff during the specified period are usually counted as unemployed. The {{TextTerm|employed population|5}} consists of all those currently working for pay or profit. Among the economically active, a substantial portion of workers may be compelled by the economic conditions of the country or of the time, to perform less work than they would normally be able and willing to perform; in this instance, the terms {{TextTerm|underemployment|6}} or {{TextTerm|partial unemployment|6}} are used. {{TextTerm|Marginal workers|7}} who only very occasionally participate in economic activity, are most often classified as not in the labor force under the ''gainful worker concept'' ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}} *).
+
For statistical measurement of the working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|.1}}), the gainful worker concept or the labour force concept may be used. According to the gainful worker ({{RefNumber|35|0|.1}}*) concept, the working population is defined as being composed of those persons who have a gainful occupation ({{RefNumber|35|0|.3}}) which they normally exercise. According to the labour force ({{RefNumber|35|0|.1}}*) concept, it is defined as the group of persons who were working at a gainful occupation or wanting or seeking such work during a specified period preceding the inquiry. Where a distinction is made between {{TextTerm|employed|1|351}} ({{RefNumber|35|3|.3}}) and {{TextTerm|unemployed|2|351}} members of the working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|.1}}), this classification is sometimes called {{TextTerm|employment status|3|351|OtherIndexEntry=status, employment}} ({{RefNumber|35|3|.1}}) or {{TextTerm|work status|3|351|2|IndexEntry=woman status|OtherIndexEntry=status, work}}. Under the labour force concept, only persons who were actually {{TextTerm|seeking work|4|351|OtherIndexEntry=woman, seeking}} during the specified period are usually counted as unemployed. Those seeking work who have not been previously employed are called {{TextTerm|inexperienced workers|5|351|IndexEntry=inexperienced worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, inexperienced}} or sometimes {{TextTerm|new workers|5|351|2|IndexEntry=new worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, new}}; the remainder of the labour force being designated as the {{TextTerm|experienced labour force|6|351|OtherIndexEntry=labour force, experienced}} or {{TextTerm|experienced workers|6|351|2|IndexEntry=experienced worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, experienced}}.
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Employed}}, n. and adj. - {{NoteTerm|employment}}, n.: situation of an individual exercising an economic activity. {{NoteTerm|Employment}} status refers to the classification as either }}<br />employed or unemployed.
 
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Unemployed}}, n. and adj. - {{NoteTerm|unemployment}}, n.}}
 
{{Note|6| One refers occasionally to {{NoteTerm|underutilization}} of the labor force. Under-employ-ment and underutilization also sometimes refer to the situation of persons who perform below their level of qualification.}}
 
  
 
=== 352 ===
 
=== 352 ===
  
The {{TextTerm|occupational classification|1}} of the working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}}) shows its members grouped by {{TextTerm|occupation|2}}. The similarity of the work done by workers, including the similarity of skills and training required are the main criteria used for grouping occupations into {{TextTerm|occupational groups|3}} or {{TextTerm|occupational classes|3}}.
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The {{TextTerm|occupational classification|1|352|OtherIndexEntry=classification, occupational}} of the working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|.1}}) shows its members grouped by {{TextTerm|occupation|2|352}}. An {{TextTerm|occupational group|3|352|OtherIndexEntry=group, occupational}} or {{TextTerm|occupational class|3|352|2|OtherIndexEntry=class, occupational}} may contain a number of occupations which either have a common social status ({{RefNumber|35|3|.1}}*) or are otherwise linked.
{{Note|1| For purposes of comparability, the International Labour Office has prepared an International Standard Classification of Occupations.}}
 
  
 
=== 353 ===
 
=== 353 ===
  
The working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}}) is also usually classified by {{TextTerm|work status|1}}. In this classification {{TextTerm|employers|2}} are distinguished from {{TextTerm|employees|3}} on the one hand and from {{TextTerm|workers on own account|4}} or {{TextTerm|independent workers|4}} on the other. The latter do not employ labor for pay, but they, as well as employers, may be assisted by unpaid {{TextTerm|family workers|5}} or {{TextTerm|family helpers|5}} who are usually distinguished as a separate group. A combination of occupational and status classifications may be used to construct {{TextTerm|social status categories|6}}.
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The working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|.1}}) is also usually classified by {{TextTerm|employment status|1|353|IndexEntry=employment|OtherIndexEntry=status, employment}} ({{RefNumber|35|1|.3}}) (as employer, employee etc.). In this classification {{TextTerm|employers|2|353|IndexEntry=employer}} are distinguished from {{TextTerm|employees|3|353|IndexEntry=employee}} (or the {{TextTerm|employed|3|353|2}} ({{RefNumber|35|1|.1}})) on the one hand and from {{TextTerm|workers on own account|4|353|IndexEntry=worker, on own account|OtherIndexEntry=own account, worker on}} or {{TextTerm|independent workers|4|353|2|IndexEntry=independent worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, independent}} on the other. The latter do not employ labour for pay, but they, as well as employers, may be assisted by unpaid family {{TextTerm|workers|5|353|IndexEntry=unpaid family worker|OtherIndexEntry=family worker, unpaid}} or {{TextTerm|family helpers|5|353|2|IndexEntry=family helper|OtherIndexEntry=helper, family}}, who are usually distinguished as a separate group. A combination of occupational and status classifications may be used to construct {{TextTerm|social status categories|6|353|IndexEntry=social category|OtherIndexEntry=category, social status}}.
{{Note|1| The classification by {{NoteTerm|status}} (as {{NoteTerm|employer}}, {{NoteTerm|employee}}, etc.) is designated by many different terms in the censuses of various countries, including {{NoteTerm|"industrial status," "states in employment", "position in industry," "class of worker,"}} etc.}}
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{{Note|1| The classification by status (as {{NoteTerm|employer}}, {{NoteTerm|employee}}, etc.) is designated by many different terms in the censuses of various countries, including "{{NoteTerm|industrial status}}", "{{NoteTerm|status in employment}}", "{{NoteTerm|social status}}", "{{NoteTerm|position in industry}}", "{{NoteTerm|class of worker}}", etc.}}
 
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Managers}} are sometimes counted with employers though they are themselves employed.}}
 
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Managers}} are sometimes counted with employers though they are themselves employed.}}
  
 
=== 354 ===
 
=== 354 ===
  
{{NoteTerm|Various}} sub-groups of the category of employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) are sometimes distinguished. One such sub-group is {{TextTerm|home workers|1}} or {{TextTerm|cottage workers|1}}, who work in their own homes, sometimes for several employers. Among the employees a distinction is sometimes made between {{TextTerm|manual workers|2}} and {{TextTerm|non-manual workers|3}} or {{TextTerm|clerical and office workers|3}}. Manual workers may be further sub-divided according to their {{TextTerm|skill|4}}, with {{TextTerm|skilled workers|6}}, {{TextTerm|semi-skilled workers|6}}, and {{TextTerm|unskilled workers|7}} being distinguished. {{TextTerm|Apprentices|8}} are sometimes shown as a sub-category of employees.
+
Various sub-groups of the category of employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|.3}}) are sometimes distinguished. One such sub-group is {{TextTerm|home workers|1|354|IndexEntry=home worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, home}}, who work in their own homes, sometimes for several employers. Among the employees a distinction is sometimes made between {{TextTerm|manual workers|2|354|IndexEntry=manual worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, manual}} or {{TextTerm|operatives|2|354|2|IndexEntry=operative}} and {{TextTerm|non-manual workers|3|354|IndexEntry=non-manual worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, non-manual}} or {{TextTerm|clerical and office workers|3|354|2|IndexEntry=clerical worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, clerical}} and others. Manual workers maybe further sub-divided according to their {{TextTerm|skill|4|354}}, {{TextTerm|skilled workers|5|354|IndexEntry=skilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, skilled}}, {{TextTerm|semi-skilled workers|6|354|IndexEntry=semi-skilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, semi-skilled}} and {{TextTerm|unskilled workers|7|354|IndexEntry=unskilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, unskilled}} being distinguished. {{TextTerm|Apprentices|8|354|IndexEntry=apprentice}} are sometimes shown as a sub-category of employees.
{{Note|2| Another type of classification of employees is that which distinguishes between {{NoteTerm|wage earners}} who are paid daily or weekly and salaried employees who are paid monthly or at even less frequent intervals. The statistics of the United States distinguish four broad occupational categories: {{NoteTerm|white collar workers}}; {{NoteTerm|blue collar workers}}, including {{NoteTerm|craftsmen}}, {{NoteTerm|operatives}} and {{NoteTerm|non-farm laborers}}; {{NoteTerm|service workers}}; and {{NoteTerm|farm workers}} (cf. {{RefNumber|35|6|}}).}}
+
{{Note|2| Another type of classification of employees is that which distinguishes between {{NoteTerm|wage earners}} who are paid daily or weekly and {{NoteTerm|salaried employees}} who are paid monthly or at even less frequent intervals.}}
{{Note|7| A {{NoteTerm|laborer}} is an unskilled worker, who does very heavy physical work.}}
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{{Note|7| A {{NoteTerm|labourer}} is an unskilled worker, who does very heavy physical work.}}
  
 
=== 355 ===
 
=== 355 ===
  
Among the employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) a distinction is often made between the {{TextTerm|managerial staff|1}}, who make policy decisions; the {{TextTerm|executive staff|2}} who apply the decisions; and {{TextTerm|supervisors|3}} or {{TextTerm|foremen|3}} who direct the operatives.
+
Among the employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|.3}}) a distinction is often made between the {{TextTerm|managerial staff|1|355|OtherIndexEntry=staff managerial}}, who make policy decisions; the {{TextTerm|executive staff|2|355|OtherIndexEntry=staff, executive}}, who apply the decisions; and {{TextTerm|supervisors|3|355|IndexEntry=supervisor}} (cf. {{RefNumber|20|4|.3}}) or {{TextTerm|foremen|3|355|2|IndexEntry=foreman}} who direct the operatives.
 
{{Note|1| The term {{NoteTerm|executive}} in the United States of America refers to a member of the managerial staff.}}
 
{{Note|1| The term {{NoteTerm|executive}} in the United States of America refers to a member of the managerial staff.}}
  
 
=== 356 ===
 
=== 356 ===
  
Special classifications apply in agriculture. {{TextTerm|Farmers|1}} or {{TextTerm|farm operators|1}} are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between {{TextTerm|farm-owners|2}}, who own their land, {{TextTerm|tenant farmers|3}}, who rent it from a landlord, and {{TextTerm|share-croppers|3}}, who give a portion of the crop in return for the use of land and livestock. {{TextTerm|Agricultural laborers|4}} are persons working who are employed by farmers.
+
Special classifications apply in agriculture. {{TextTerm|Farmers|1|356|IndexEntry=farmer}} or {{TextTerm|farm operators|1|356|2|IndexEntry=farm operator|OtherIndexEntry=operator, farm}} are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between {{TextTerm|farm-owners|2|356|IndexEntry=farm-owner}}, who own their land, and {{TextTerm|tenant farmers|3|356|IndexEntry=tenant farmer|OtherIndexEntry=farm, tenant}}, who rent it from a landlord. {{TextTerm|Agricultural labourers|4|356|IndexEntry=agricultural labourer|OtherIndexEntry=labourer, agricultural}} are persons working on the {{NoteTerm|land}} who are employed by farmers.
{{Note|2| A {{NoteTerm|farm manager}} who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.}}
+
{{Note|2| A {{NoteTerm|bailiff}} or {{NoteTerm|farm manager}} who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.}}
 
{{Note|3| In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a {{NoteTerm|crofter}}. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a {{NoteTerm|smallholder}}.}}
 
{{Note|3| In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a {{NoteTerm|crofter}}. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a {{NoteTerm|smallholder}}.}}
{{Note|4| Agricultural laborers are of three general types: {{NoteTerm|fulltime agricultural laborers, day laborers}}, and {{NoteTerm|seasonal agricultural laborers}}. This last category often consists of {{NoteTerm|migrant laborers}}.}}
 
  
 
=== 357 ===
 
=== 357 ===
  
The working population may also be classified by {{TextTerm|industry|1}} or {{TextTerm|branch of economic activity|1}}. This classification depends on the nature of the {{TextTerm|firm|2}} or {{TextTerm|establishment|2}} that the individual works for. Generally importance is attached to the division of the population into {{TextTerm|agricultural workers|3}} and {{TextTerm|non-agricultural workers|4}}. {{TextTerm|Government employees|5}} are sometimes, and {{TextTerm|military personnel|6}} or {{TextTerm|members of the armed forces|6}} are generally shown separately, but employees of public enterprises are counted as a rule with the rest of the industrial population. Industries are generally classified in three sectors, the {{TextTerm|primary sector|7}} (agriculture, hunting, fishing and mining), the {{TextTerm|secondary sector|8}} (manufacturing, construction and utilities), and the {{TextTerm|tertiary sector|9}} (commerce, finance, transport industries, and service industries). In developing countries the {{TextTerm|traditional sector|10}} is often listed separately and opposed to the modern sector of the economy.
+
The working population may also be classified by {{TextTerm|industry|1|357}}. This classification depends on the nature of the {{TextTerm|firm|2|357}} or {{TextTerm|establishment|2|357|2}} that the individual works for. Generally importance is attached to the division of the population into {{TextTerm|agricultural workers|3|357|IndexEntry=agricultural population worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, agricultural}} and {{TextTerm|non-agricultural workers|4|357|IndexEntry=non-agricultural worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, non-agricultural}}. {{TextTerm|Officials|5|357|IndexEntry=official}}, {{TextTerm|civil servants|5|357|2|IndexEntry=civil servant|OtherIndexEntry=servant, civil}} and {{TextTerm|government employees|5|357|3|IndexEntry=government employee|OtherIndexEntry=employee, government}} as well as {{TextTerm|military personnel|6|357|OtherIndexEntry=personnel, military}} or {{TextTerm|members of the armed forces|6|357|2|IndexEntry=member of the armed forces|OtherIndexEntry=forces, member of the armed}} are generally shown separately, but employees of public enterprises are counted as a rule with the rest of the {{TextTerm|industrial population|7|357|IndexEntry=inddustrial population|OtherIndexEntry=population, industrial}}.
{{Note|1| For purposes of international comparability, the United Nations have prepared an International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities.}}
+
{{Note|5| A {{NoteTerm|civil servant}} is an employee ({{RefNumber|35|3|.3}}) of the central government. An official is an employee of a public body, but the term is occasionally used for salaried employees of large companies. A distinction is often drawn between {{NoteTerm|government employees}} and {{NoteTerm|private workers}}.}}
{{Note|5| A {{NoteTerm|civil servant}} is an ''employee'' ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) of the central government An {{NoteTerm|official}} is an employee of a public body but the term is occasionally used for salaried employees of large companies. A distinction is often drawn between {{NoteTerm|government employees}} and {{NoteTerm|private workers}}.}}
 
  
 
=== 358 ===
 
=== 358 ===
  
The economically inactive population may be divided into {{TextTerm|dependents|1}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|5}}) and {{TextTerm|self-supporting persons|2}}. Dependents depend for their support on the efforts of {{TextTerm|earners|3}} or {{TextTerm|breadwinners|3}}; this is for example the case of ''housewives'' ({{RefNumber|35|0|4}}) and {{TextTerm|dependent children|4}}. Self-supporting persons have sufficient means for their subsistence. They may be {{TextTerm|rentiers|5}} or {{TextTerm|persons of independent means|5}}, {{NoteTerm|retired persons}} or {{TextTerm|pensioners|6}}. A special category of dependents is that of {{TextTerm|persons receiving public assistance|7}} or {{TextTerm|public welfare recipients|7}}. Persons incapable of work are called {{TextTerm|unemployable|8}}. The ratio of the inactive to the active population is called the {{TextTerm|economic dependency ratio|9}}.
+
The economically inactive population may be divided into {{TextTerm|dependants|1|358|IndexEntry=dependant}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|.5}}) and {{TextTerm|self-supporting persons|2|358|IndexEntry=self-supporting person|OtherIndexEntry=person, self-supporting}}. Dependants depend for their support on the efforts of {{TextTerm|earners|3|358|IndexEntry=earner}} or {{TextTerm|breadwinners|3|358|2|IndexEntry=breadwinner}}; self-supporting persons have sufficient means for their subsistence. They may be {{TextTerm|rentiers|4|358|IndexEntry=rentier}} or {{TextTerm|persons of independent means|4|358|2|IndexEntry=person of independent means|OtherIndexEntry=independent means, person of}}, {{TextTerm|retired persons|5|358|IndexEntry=retired person|OtherIndexEntry=person, retired}} or {{TextTerm|pensioners|5|358|2|IndexEntry=pensioner}}. A special category is that of {{TextTerm|persons in receipt of public assistance|6|358|IndexEntry=person in receipt of public assistance|OtherIndexEntry=assistance, persons in receipt of public}}, who are generally {{TextTerm|unemployable|7|358}} or {{TextTerm|incapable of work|7|358|2|OtherIndexEntry=work, incapable of}}.
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Dependent}} or {{NoteTerm|dependant}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|dependent}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|dependency}} or {{NoteTerm|dependancy}},}}<br />n.: the state of being dependent.
+
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|dependant}} (U. S. spelling dependent) n. {{NoteTerm|dependent}} adj. {{NoteTerm|dependency}} or {{NoteTerm|depen}}-{{NoteTerm|dancy}} n., the state of being dependent.}}
{{Note|9| The ratio of the young and the elderly to the adult population is called {{NoteTerm|the age dependency ratio}}.}}
 
  
 
=== 359 ===
 
=== 359 ===
  
It is possible to classify the population by the sector of economic activity from which they derive their livelihood, dependants being put into the same category as their breadwinners. We speak of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on|1}} a particular branch of activity and in particular of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on agriculture|2}}. The term {{TextTerm|agricultural population|2}} is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also be employed in the sense of {{TextTerm|farm population|2}} which lives on farms or is dependent on agriculture and which is distinguished from the {{TextTerm|non-farm population|3}} or {{TextTerm|non-agricultural population|3}}.
+
It is possible to classify the population by the sector of economic activity from which they derive their livelihood, dependants being put into the same category as their breadwinners. We speak of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on|1|359|OtherIndexEntry=dependent, population}} a particular branch of activity and in particular of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on agriculture|2|359|OtherIndexEntry=agriculture, population dependent on}}. The term {{TextTerm|agricultural population|2|359|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, agricultural}} is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also be employed in the sense of {{TextTerm|farm population|2|359|3|OtherIndexEntry=population, farm}} which lives on farms or is dependent on agriculture and which is distinguished from the {{TextTerm|non-farm population|3|359|OtherIndexEntry=population, non-farm}} or {{TextTerm|non-agricultural population|3|359|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, non-agricultural}}.
  
 
=== 360 ===
 
=== 360 ===
  
The {{TextTerm|infirm|1}} or {{TextTerm|handicapped|1}} are often separately shown in censuses. They are classified according to the nature of their {{TextTerm|infirmity|2}} or {{TextTerm|handicap|2}}. {{TextTerm|Physical infirmities|3}} or {{TextTerm|physical handicaps|3}} such as blindness, or deaf-mutism are generally distinguished from {{TextTerm|mental infirmities|4}} or {{TextTerm|mental handicaps|4}}, such as feeblemindedness or dementia.
+
The {{TextTerm|infirm|1|360}} or {{TextTerm|handicapped|1|360|2}} are often separately shown in censuses. They are classified according to the nature of their {{TextTerm|infirmity|2|360}}. {{TextTerm|Physical infirmities|3|360|IndexEntry=physical infirmity|OtherIndexEntry=infirmity, physical}} such as blindness, or deaf-mutism are generally distinguished {{TextTerm|from mental infirmities|4|360|IndexEntry=mental infirmity|OtherIndexEntry=infirmity, mental}}, such as idiocy or dementia.
  
 
=== 361 ===
 
=== 361 ===
  
The study of the {{TextTerm|working life|1}} of individuals includes the study of the {{TextTerm|accession to the labor force|2}} and of the {{TextTerm|separation from the labor force|3}}. At accession it is possible to distinguish those who have never been active, from those who belonged to the labor force at an earlier date; separations may be listed by cause, e.g. death, {{TextTerm|retirement|4}}, temporary withdrawal. The analysis may proceed by cohort or period, and it involves {{TextTerm|rates of accession to the tabor force|5}}, or {{TextTerm|probabilities of accession to the labor force|6}}, {{TextTerm|rates of separation from the labor force|7}} or {{TextTerm|probabilities of separation from the labor force|8}}, eventually by cause; these indices are computed by age or age-group.
+
The study of {{TextTerm|economic activity|1|361|OtherIndexEntry=activity, economic}} includes the determination of {{TextTerm|age at entry|2|361|IndexEntry=age at entry (into employment)}} into employment and of {{TextTerm|age at withdrawal|3|361|IndexEntry=age at withdrawal (from economic activity)}} or {{TextTerm|age at retirement|3|361|2|IndexEntry=age at retirement (from economic activity)}} ({{RefNumber|32|4|.7}}). The period between age at entry and age at retirement is called {{TextTerm|working life|4|361|OtherIndexEntry=life, working}}. Occasionally, the {{TextTerm|expectation of working life|5|361|IndexEntry=expectation working|OtherIndexEntry=working expectation}} of persons of a given sex and age is computed; analogous to the computation of the expectation of life ({{RefNumber|43|3|.3}}) this shows the mean length of time for which a cohort ({{RefNumber|11|6|.2}}) of persons would continue as members of the labour force.
 
 
=== 362 ===
 
 
 
These indices serve to compute {{TextTerm|tables of working life|1}}, by period or cohort. In addition to the probabilities described in the previous paragraph, these tables contain the distributions by {{TextTerm|age at accession to the labor force|2}} and {{TextTerm|by age at separation from the labor force|3}}, (eventually by cause, before and after accounting for mortality), the {{TextTerm|mean age at accession to the labor force|4}} and the {{TextTerm|mean age at separation from the labor force|5}}. The {{TextTerm|expectation of working life|6}}, the {{TextTerm|gross expectation of working life|7}} (which excludes the effect of mortality) and the {{TextTerm|net expectation of working life|8}} (which includes it) all represent the mean number of years of working life that remain to be lived at each age by the active population. For those entering the labor force at that age, this expectation constitutes the {{TextTerm|mean duration of working life|9}}; a similar index can be computed for all ages at accession taken together.
 
{{Note|1| Such tables are computed when temporary withdrawals from the labor force are a negligible proportion of the total, and this condition is approximately realized for males. For females, it is necessary to distinguish {{NoteTerm|first accession to the labor force}}, or {{NoteTerm|entry into the labor force}}, from {{NoteTerm|re-entry into the labor force}}. }}
 
  
  
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==<center><font size=12>* * * </font></center>==
 
{{SummaryShort}}
 
{{SummaryShort}}
  
 
{{OtherLanguages|35}}
 
{{OtherLanguages|35}}

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Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
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350

A distinction is generally made between the working population 1 or economically active population 1 and the unoccupied population 2 or economically inactive population 2. Generally speaking, the working population consists of those individuals who take part in the production of economic goods and services, including unpaid family workers in an economic enterprise as well as persons who work for pay or profit. On occasions, however, only those pursuing a gainful occupation 3 are included in the working population. Housewives 4 engaged in unpaid domestic duties, students, retired workers, etc. are usually excluded. The members of the economically inactive population are sometimes referred to as dependants 5 (358-.1) in the sense that they subsist on the product of the working population. (See, however, the different sense of this term stated in para. 358). The ratio of the working population to the total population, usually computed with reference to a given sex-age group or other category, is called the activity rate 5 or labour force participation rate 6.

  • 1. The terms gainfully occupied population, gainful workers, labour force are often used as synonyms for working population and economically active population. These expressions are also used in another sense in accordance with the gainful worker concept or with the labour force concept (cf. para. 351-).
  • 5. The ratio of the economically inactive population to the working population, or a similar ratio computed with respect to the male population only, may be called the dependancy ratio.

351

For statistical measurement of the working population (350-.1), the gainful worker concept or the labour force concept may be used. According to the gainful worker (350-.1*) concept, the working population is defined as being composed of those persons who have a gainful occupation (350-.3) which they normally exercise. According to the labour force (350-.1*) concept, it is defined as the group of persons who were working at a gainful occupation or wanting or seeking such work during a specified period preceding the inquiry. Where a distinction is made between employed 1 (353-.3) and unemployed 2 members of the working population (350-.1), this classification is sometimes called employment status 3 (353-.1) or work status 3. Under the labour force concept, only persons who were actually seeking work 4 during the specified period are usually counted as unemployed. Those seeking work who have not been previously employed are called inexperienced workers 5 or sometimes new workers 5; the remainder of the labour force being designated as the experienced labour force 6 or experienced workers 6.

352

The occupational classification 1 of the working population (350-.1) shows its members grouped by occupation 2. An occupational group 3 or occupational class 3 may contain a number of occupations which either have a common social status (353-.1*) or are otherwise linked.

353

The working population (350-.1) is also usually classified by employment status 1 (351-.3) (as employer, employee etc.). In this classification employers 2 are distinguished from employees 3 (or the employed 3 (351-.1)) on the one hand and from workers on own account 4 or independent workers 4 on the other. The latter do not employ labour for pay, but they, as well as employers, may be assisted by unpaid family workers 5 or family helpers 5, who are usually distinguished as a separate group. A combination of occupational and status classifications may be used to construct social status categories 6.

  • 1. The classification by status (as employer, employee, etc.) is designated by many different terms in the censuses of various countries, including "industrial status", "status in employment", "social status", "position in industry", "class of worker", etc.
  • 2. Managers are sometimes counted with employers though they are themselves employed.

354

Various sub-groups of the category of employees (353-.3) are sometimes distinguished. One such sub-group is home workers 1, who work in their own homes, sometimes for several employers. Among the employees a distinction is sometimes made between manual workers 2 or operatives 2 and non-manual workers 3 or clerical and office workers 3 and others. Manual workers maybe further sub-divided according to their skill 4, skilled workers 5, semi-skilled workers 6 and unskilled workers 7 being distinguished. Apprentices 8 are sometimes shown as a sub-category of employees.

  • 2. Another type of classification of employees is that which distinguishes between wage earners who are paid daily or weekly and salaried employees who are paid monthly or at even less frequent intervals.
  • 7. A labourer is an unskilled worker, who does very heavy physical work.

355

Among the employees (353-.3) a distinction is often made between the managerial staff 1, who make policy decisions; the executive staff 2, who apply the decisions; and supervisors 3 (cf. 204-.3) or foremen 3 who direct the operatives.

  • 1. The term executive in the United States of America refers to a member of the managerial staff.

356

Special classifications apply in agriculture. Farmers 1 or farm operators 1 are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between farm-owners 2, who own their land, and tenant farmers 3, who rent it from a landlord. Agricultural labourers 4 are persons working on the land who are employed by farmers.

  • 2. A bailiff or farm manager who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.
  • 3. In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a crofter. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a smallholder.

357

The working population may also be classified by industry 1. This classification depends on the nature of the firm 2 or establishment 2 that the individual works for. Generally importance is attached to the division of the population into agricultural workers 3 and non-agricultural workers 4. Officials 5, civil servants 5 and government employees 5 as well as military personnel 6 or members of the armed forces 6 are generally shown separately, but employees of public enterprises are counted as a rule with the rest of the industrial population 7.

  • 5. A civil servant is an employee (353-.3) of the central government. An official is an employee of a public body, but the term is occasionally used for salaried employees of large companies. A distinction is often drawn between government employees and private workers.

358

The economically inactive population may be divided into dependants 1 (350-.5) and self-supporting persons 2. Dependants depend for their support on the efforts of earners 3 or breadwinners 3; self-supporting persons have sufficient means for their subsistence. They may be rentiers 4 or persons of independent means 4, retired persons 5 or pensioners 5. A special category is that of persons in receipt of public assistance 6, who are generally unemployable 7 or incapable of work 7.

  • 1. dependant (U. S. spelling dependent) n. — dependent adj. — dependency or depen-dancy n., the state of being dependent.

359

It is possible to classify the population by the sector of economic activity from which they derive their livelihood, dependants being put into the same category as their breadwinners. We speak of the population dependent on 1 a particular branch of activity and in particular of the population dependent on agriculture 2. The term agricultural population 2 is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also be employed in the sense of farm population 2 which lives on farms or is dependent on agriculture and which is distinguished from the non-farm population 3 or non-agricultural population 3.

360

The infirm 1 or handicapped 1 are often separately shown in censuses. They are classified according to the nature of their infirmity 2. Physical infirmities 3 such as blindness, or deaf-mutism are generally distinguished from mental infirmities 4, such as idiocy or dementia.

361

The study of economic activity 1 includes the determination of age at entry 2 into employment and of age at withdrawal 3 or age at retirement 3 (324-.7). The period between age at entry and age at retirement is called working life 4. Occasionally, the expectation of working life 5 of persons of a given sex and age is computed; analogous to the computation of the expectation of life (433-.3) this shows the mean length of time for which a cohort (116-.2) of persons would continue as members of the labour force.


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