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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition)
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=== 350 ===
 
=== 350 ===
  
A distinction is generally made between the {{TextTerm|working population|1|350|OtherIndexEntry=population working}} or {{TextTerm|economically active population|1|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, economically active}} and the {{TextTerm|unoccupied population|2|350|OtherIndexEntry=population unoccupied}} or {{TextTerm|economically inactive population|2|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, economically inactive}}. Generally speaking, the working population consists of those individuals engaged in {{TextTerm|gainful activities|3|350|IndexEntry=gainful activity|OtherIndexEntry=activity, gainful}}. A gainful activity, or {{TextTerm|economic activity|3|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=activity, economic}}, is an activity which contributes to the production of income. {{NonRefTerm|Unpaid family workers}} ({{RefNumber|35|3|5}}) are usually included in the economically active population. {{TextTerm|Homemakers|4|350|IndexEntry=homemaker}} or {{TextTerm|housewives|4|350|2|IndexEntry=housewife}} engaged in unpaid domestic duties, students, retired workers, etc. are usually excluded. The members of the economically inactive population are sometimes referred to as {{TextTerm|dependents|5|350|IndexEntry=dependent}} ({{RefNumber|35|8|1}}) in the sense that they subsist on the product of the working population. (See, however, the different sense of this term stated in para. 358). The ratio of the working population to the total population, usually computed with reference to a given sex-age group or other category, is called the {{TextTerm|activity ratio|6|350|IndexEntry=activity, ratio|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, activity}} or {{TextTerm|labor force participation ratio|6|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=participation ratio, labor force}}.
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A distinction is generally made between the {{TextTerm|working population|1|350|OtherIndexEntry=population, working ...}} or {{TextTerm|economically active population|1|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, economically active ...|OtherIndexEntry2=active, economically ... population}} and the {{TextTerm|unoccupied population|2|350|OtherIndexEntry=population, unoccupied ...}} or {{TextTerm|economically inactive population|2|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, economically inactive ...|OtherIndexEntry2=inactive, economically ... population}}. Generally speaking, the working population consists of those individuals engaged in {{TextTerm|gainful activities|3|350|IndexEntry=gainful activity|OtherIndexEntry=activity, gainful ...}}. A gainful activity, or {{TextTerm|economic activity|3|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=activity, economic ...}}, is an activity which contributes to the production of income. {{NonRefTerm|Unpaid family workers}} ({{RefNumber|35|3|5}}) are usually included in the economically active population. {{TextTerm|Homemakers|4|350|IndexEntry=homemaker}} or {{TextTerm|housewives|4|350|2|IndexEntry=housewife}} engaged in unpaid domestic duties, students, retired workers, etc. are usually excluded. The members of the economically inactive population are sometimes referred to as {{TextTerm|dependents|5|350|IndexEntry=dependent}} ({{RefNumber|35|8|1}}) in the sense that they subsist on the product of the working population. (See, however, the different sense of this term stated in § 358). The ratio of the working population to the total population, usually computed with reference to a given sex-age group or other category, is called the {{TextTerm|activity ratio|6|350|IndexEntry=activity ratio|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, activity ...}} or {{TextTerm|labor force participation ratio|6|350|2|OtherIndexEntry=participation ratio, labor force ...|OtherIndexEntry2=ratio, labor force participation ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, labor ... participation ratio}}.
{{Note|1| The terms {{NoteTerm|gainfully occupied population}}, {{NoteTerm|gainful workers}}, {{NoteTerm|labor force}} are used as synonyms for working population and economically active population.<br />For statistical measurement of the working population, the gainful worker concept or the labor force concept may be used. According to the {{NoteTerm|gainful worker concept}}, the working population is defined as being composed of those persons who have a gainful activity which they normally exercise. According to the {{NoteTerm|labor force concept}}, it is defined as the group of persons who were working at a gainful occupation or wanting or seeking such work during a specified period preceding the inquiry.}}
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{{Note|1| The terms {{NoteTerm|gainfully occupied population|OtherIndexEntry=population, gainfully occupied ...|OtherIndexEntry2=occupied population, gainfully ...}}, {{NoteTerm|gainful workers|IndexEntry=gainful worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, gainful ...}}, {{NoteTerm|labor force|OtherIndexEntry=force, labor ...}} are used as synonyms for working population and economically active population.<br />For statistical measurement of the working population, the gainful worker concept or the labor force concept may be used. According to the {{NoteTerm|gainful worker concept|OtherIndexEntry=concept, gainful worker ...|OtherIndexEntry2=worker, gainful ... concept}}, the working population is defined as being composed of those persons who have a gainful activity which they normally exercise. According to the {{NoteTerm|labor force concept|OtherIndexEntry=concept, labor force ...|OtherIndexEntry2=force, labor ... concept}}, it is defined as the group of persons who were working at a gainful occupation or wanting or seeking such work during a specified period preceding the inquiry.}}
  
 
=== 351 ===
 
=== 351 ===
  
{{TextTerm|Workers|1|351|IndexEntry=worker}} who make up the working population can be classified as {{TextTerm|employed|2|351}} or {{TextTerm|unemployed|3|351}}. Under the {{NonRefTerm|labor force concept}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}} *), only persons who were actively {{TextTerm|seeking work|4|351|OtherIndexEntry=work, seeking}} or are on temporary layoff during the specified period are usually counted as unemployed. The {{TextTerm|employed population|5|351|OtherIndexEntry=population, employed}} consists of all those currently working for pay or profit. Among the economically active, a substantial portion of workers may be compelled by the economic conditions of the country or of the time, to perform less work than they would normally be able and willing to perform; in this instance, the terms {{TextTerm|underemployment|6|351}} or {{TextTerm|partial unemployment|6|351|2|IndexEntry=partial employment|OtherIndexEntry=employment, partial}} are used. {{TextTerm|Marginal workers|7|351|OtherIndexEntry=workers, marginal}} who only very occasionally participate in economic activity, are most often classified as not in the labor force under the {{NonRefTerm|gainful worker concept}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}} *).
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{{TextTerm|Workers|1|351|IndexEntry=worker}} who make up the working population can be classified as {{TextTerm|employed|2|351}} or {{TextTerm|unemployed|3|351|OtherIndexEntry=emplyed, un...}}. Under the {{NonRefTerm|labor force concept}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}} *), only persons who were actively {{TextTerm|seeking work|4|351|OtherIndexEntry=work, seeking ...}} or are on temporary layoff during the specified period are usually counted as unemployed. It is important to distinguish between persons who have never had a job and {{NewTextTerm|persons who are looking for their first job|11|351|IndexEntry=person who is looking for her/his first job|OtherIndexEntry=job, person who is looking for her/his first ...|OtherIndexEntry2=first job, person who is looking for her/his ...|OtherIndexEntry3=look for, person who is looking for her/his first job}} or {{NewTextTerm|first-time job seekers|11|351|IndexEntry=first-time job seeker|OtherIndexEntry=job, first-time ... seeker|OtherIndexEntry2=seeker, first-time job ...}}. The {{TextTerm|employed population|5|351|OtherIndexEntry=population, employed ...}} consists of all those currently working for pay or profit. Among the economically active, a substantial portion of workers may be compelled by the economic conditions of the country or of the time, to perform less work than they would normally be able and willing to perform; in this instance, the terms {{TextTerm|underemployment|6|351|OtherIndexEntry=employment, under...}} or {{TextTerm|partial employment|6|351|2|IndexEntry=partial employment|OtherIndexEntry=employment, partial ...}} are used. {{TextTerm|Marginal workers|7|351|IndexEntry=marginal worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, marginal ...}} who only very occasionally participate in economic activity, are most often classified as not in the labor force under the {{NonRefTerm|gainful worker concept}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}} *). The {{NewTextTerm|employment to population ratio|8|351|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, employment to population ...|OtherIndexEntry2=population, employment to ... ratio}} is the proportion of employed persons in the working age group (usually 15 to 64). {{NewTextTerm|Inactive persons|9|351|IndexEntry=inactive person|OtherIndexEntry=person, inactive ...}} are those who do not accomplish any kind of professional activity neither are looking for any employment.  {{NewTextTerm|Hidden unemployment|10|351|IndexEntry=hidden unemployment|OtherIndexEntry=unemployment, hidden ...|OtherIndexEntry2=employment, hidden un...}} or {{NewTextTerm|labor reserve|10|351|OtherIndexEntry=reserve, labor ...}}  includes people who, although not officially registered as unemployed, are looking for a private work as well as those who do not exercise nor are looking for a job but if some job opportunities arose to them, could respond.
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Employed}}, n. and adj. - {{NoteTerm|employment}}, n.: situation of an individual exercising an economic activity. {{NoteTerm|Employment}} status refers to the classification as either employed or unemployed. }}
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{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Employed|IndexEntry=employed}}, n. and adj. - {{NoteTerm|employment}}, n.: situation of an individual exercising an economic activity. {{NoteTerm|Employment|IndexEntry=employment}} status refers to the classification as either employed or unemployed. }}
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Unemployed}}, n. and adj. - {{NoteTerm|unemployment}}, n.}}
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{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Unemployed|IndexEntry=unemployed|OtherIndexEntry=employed, un...}}, n. and adj. - {{NoteTerm|unemployment|OtherIndexEntry=employment, un...}}, n.}}
{{Note|6| One refers occasionally to {{NoteTerm|underutilization}} of the labor force. Under-employ-ment and underutilization also sometimes refer to the situation of persons who perform below their level of qualification.}}
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{{Note|6| One refers occasionally to {{NoteTerm|underutilization|OtherIndexEntry=utilization, under...}} of the labor force. Under-employment and underutilization also sometimes refer to the situation of persons who perform below their level of qualification.}}
  
 
=== 352 ===
 
=== 352 ===
  
The {{TextTerm|occupational classification|1|352|OtherIndexEntry=classification, occupational}} of the working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}}) shows its members grouped by {{TextTerm|occupation|2|352}}. The similarity of the work done by workers, including the similarity of skills and training required are the main criteria used for grouping occupations into {{TextTerm|occupational groups|3|352|IndexEntry=occupational group|OtherIndexEntry=group, occupational}} or {{TextTerm|occupational classes|3|352|2|IndexEntry=occupational class|OtherIndexEntry=class, occupational}}.
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The {{TextTerm|occupational classification|1|352|OtherIndexEntry=classification, occupational ...}} of the working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}}) shows its members grouped by {{TextTerm|occupation|2|352}}. The similarity of the work done by workers, including the similarity of skills and training required are the main criteria used for grouping occupations into {{TextTerm|occupational groups|3|352|IndexEntry=occupational group|OtherIndexEntry=group, occupational ...}} or {{TextTerm|occupational classes|3|352|2|IndexEntry=occupational class|OtherIndexEntry=class, occupational ...}}.
{{Note|1| For purposes of comparability, the International Labour Office has prepared an International Standard Classification of Occupations.}}
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{{Note|1| For purposes of comparability, the {{NoteTerm|International Labour Office}} has prepared an {{NoteTerm|International Standard Classification of Occupations}}.}}
  
 
=== 353 ===
 
=== 353 ===
  
The working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}}) is also usually classified by {{TextTerm|work status|1|353|OtherIndexEntry=status, work}}. In this classification {{TextTerm|employers|2|353|IndexEntry=employer}} are distinguished from {{TextTerm|employees|3|353|IndexEntry=employee}} on the one hand and from {{TextTerm|workers on own account|4|353|IndexEntry=worker, on own account|OtherIndexEntry=account, worker on own}} or {{TextTerm|independent workers|4|353|2|IndexEntry=independent worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, independent}} on the other. The latter do not employ labor for pay, but they, as well as employers, may be assisted by unpaid {{TextTerm|family workers|5|353|IndexEntry=family worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, family}} or {{TextTerm|family helpers|5|353|2|IndexEntry=family helper|OtherIndexEntry=helper, family}} who are usually distinguished as a separate group. A combination of occupational and status classifications may be used to construct {{TextTerm|social status categories|6|353|IndexEntry=social status category|OtherIndexEntry=category, social status}}.
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The working population ({{RefNumber|35|0|1}}) is also usually classified by {{TextTerm|work status|1|353|OtherIndexEntry=status, work ...}}. In this classification {{TextTerm|employers|2|353|IndexEntry=employer}} are distinguished from {{TextTerm|employees|3|353|IndexEntry=employee}} on the one hand and from {{TextTerm|workers on own account|4|353|IndexEntry=worker on own account|OtherIndexEntry=account, worker on own ...|OtherIndexEntry2=own account, worker on ...}} or {{TextTerm|independent workers|4|353|2|IndexEntry=independent worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, independent ...}} on the other. The latter do not employ labor for pay, but they, as well as employers, may be assisted by unpaid {{TextTerm|family workers|5|353|IndexEntry=family worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, family ...}} or {{TextTerm|family helpers|5|353|2|IndexEntry=family helper|OtherIndexEntry=helper, family ...}} who are usually distinguished as a separate group. A combination of occupational and status classifications may be used to construct {{TextTerm|social status categories|6|353|IndexEntry=social status category|OtherIndexEntry=category, social status ...|OtherIndexEntry2=status, social ... category}}.
{{Note|1| The classification by {{NoteTerm|status}} (as {{NoteTerm|employer}}, {{NoteTerm|employee}}, etc.) is designated by many different terms in the censuses of various countries, including "{{NoteTerm|industrial status}}", "{{NoteTerm|states in employment}}", "{{NoteTerm|position in industry}}," "{{NoteTerm|class of worker}}," etc.}}
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{{Note|1| The classification by {{NoteTerm|status}} (as {{NoteTerm|employer}}, {{NoteTerm|employee}}, etc.) is designated by many different terms in the censuses of various countries, including {{NoteTerm|industrial status|OtherIndexEntry=status, industrial ...}}, {{NoteTerm|states in employment|IndexEntry=state in employment|OtherIndexEntry=employment, state in ...}}, {{NoteTerm|position in industry|OtherIndexEntry=industry, position in ...}}, {{NoteTerm|class of worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, class of ...}}, etc.}}
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Managers}} are sometimes counted with employers though they are themselves employed.}}
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{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Managers|IndexEntry=manager}} are sometimes counted with employers though they are themselves employed.}}
  
 
=== 354 ===
 
=== 354 ===
  
{{NoteTerm|Various}} sub-groups of the category of employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) are sometimes distinguished. One such sub-group is {{TextTerm|home workers|1|354|IndexEntry=home worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, home}} or {{TextTerm|cottage workers|1|354|2|IndexEntry=cottage worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, cottage}}, who work in their own homes, sometimes for several employers. Among the employees a distinction is sometimes made between {{TextTerm|manual workers|2|354|IndexEntry=manual worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, manual}} and {{TextTerm|non-manual workers|3|354|IndexEntry=non-manual worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, non-manual}} or {{TextTerm|clerical and office workers|3|354|2|IndexEntry=clerical and office worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, clerical and office}}. Manual workers may be further sub-divided according to their {{TextTerm|skill|4|354}}, with {{TextTerm|skilled workers|6|354|IndexEntry=semi-skilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, semi-skilled}}, {{TextTerm|semi-skilled workers|6|354|2|IndexEntry=office worker}}, and {{TextTerm|unskilled workers|7|354|IndexEntry=unskilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, unskilled}} being distinguished. {{TextTerm|Apprentices|8|354|IndexEntry=apprentice}} are sometimes shown as a sub-category of employees.
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Various sub-groups of the category of employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) are sometimes distinguished. One such sub-group is {{TextTerm|home workers|1|354|IndexEntry=home worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, home ...}} or {{TextTerm|cottage workers|1|354|2|IndexEntry=cottage worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, cottage ...}}, who work in their own homes, sometimes for several employers. Among the employees a distinction is sometimes made between {{TextTerm|manual workers|2|354|IndexEntry=manual worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, manual ...}} and {{TextTerm|non-manual workers|3|354|IndexEntry=non-manual worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, non-manual ...|OtherIndexEntry2=manual worker, non-...}} or {{TextTerm|clerical and office workers|3|354|2|IndexEntry=clerical and office worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, clerical and office ...|OtherIndexEntry2=office worker, clerical and ...}}. Manual workers may be further sub-divided according to their {{TextTerm|skill|4|354}}, with {{TextTerm|skilled workers|5|354|IndexEntry=skilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, skilled ...}}, {{TextTerm|semi-skilled workers|6|354|IndexEntry=semi-skilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, semi-skilled ...|OtherIndexEntry2=skilled worker, semi-...}}, and {{TextTerm|unskilled workers|7|354|IndexEntry=unskilled worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, unskilled ...|OtherIndexEntry2=skilled worker, un...}} being distinguished. {{TextTerm|Apprentices|8|354|IndexEntry=apprentice}} are sometimes shown as a sub-category of employees.
{{Note|2| Another type of classification of employees is that which distinguishes between {{NoteTerm|wage earners}} who are paid daily or weekly and salaried employees who are paid monthly or at even less frequent intervals. The statistics of the United States distinguish four broad occupational categories: {{NoteTerm|white collar workers}}; {{NoteTerm|blue collar workers}}, including {{NoteTerm|craftsmen}}, {{NoteTerm|operatives}} and {{NoteTerm|non-farm laborers}}; {{NoteTerm|service workers}}; and {{NoteTerm|farm workers}} (cf. {{RefNumber|35|6|}}).}}
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{{Note|2| Another type of classification of employees is that which distinguishes between {{NoteTerm|wage earners|IndexEntry=wage earner|OtherIndexEntry=earner, wage ...}} who are paid daily or weekly and salaried employees who are paid monthly or at even less frequent intervals. The statistics of the United States distinguish four broad occupational categories: {{NoteTerm|white collar workers|IndexEntry=white collar worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, white collar ...}}; {{NoteTerm|blue collar workers|IndexEntry=blue collar worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, blue collar ...}}, including {{NoteTerm|craftsmen|IndexEntry=craftsman}}, {{NoteTerm|operatives|IndexEntry=operative}} and {{NoteTerm|non-farm laborers|IndexEntry=non-farm laborer|OtherIndexEntry=laborer, non-farm}}; {{NoteTerm|service workers|IndexEntry=service worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, service ...}}; and {{NoteTerm|farm workers|IndexEntry=farm worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, farm ...}} (cf. {{NonRefTerm|356}}).}}
{{Note|7| A {{NoteTerm|laborer}} is an unskilled worker, who does very heavy physical work.}}
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{{Note|7| A {{NoteTerm|laborer}} is an unskilled worker, who does physical work.}}
  
 
=== 355 ===
 
=== 355 ===
  
Among the employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) a distinction is often made between the {{TextTerm|managerial staff|1|355|OtherIndexEntry=staff, managerial}}, who make policy decisions; the {{TextTerm|executive staff|2|355|OtherIndexEntry=staff, executive}} who apply the decisions; and {{TextTerm|supervisors|3|355|IndexEntry=supervisor}} or {{TextTerm|foremen|3|355|2|IndexEntry=foreman}} who direct the operatives.
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Among the employees ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) a distinction is often made between the {{TextTerm|managerial staff|1|355|OtherIndexEntry=staff, managerial ...}}, who make policy decisions; the {{TextTerm|executive staff|2|355|OtherIndexEntry=staff, executive ...}} who apply the decisions; and {{TextTerm|supervisors|3|355|IndexEntry=supervisor}} or {{TextTerm|foremen|3|355|2|IndexEntry=foreman}} who direct the operative. Officials ({{RefNumber|35|7|5|}}) are divided into {{NewTextTerm|simple or lower service|4|357|OtherIndexEntry=service, simple or lower ...|OtherIndexEntry2=lower service, simple or ...}}, mainly for positions of menial work(eg, administrative assistants, technical assistants), {{NewTextTerm|middle service|5|357|OtherIndexEntry=service, middle ...}}, mainly for positions requiring roughly the equivalent of a completed apprenticeship (eg, editors, administrative secretaries), {{NewTextTerm|upper service|6|357|OtherIndexEntry=service, upper ...}}, mainly for positions requiring a Bachelor's degree or its equivalent (administrative frameworks or technical) and {{NewTextTerm|senior service|7|357|OtherIndexEntry=service, senior ...}}, restricted to graduates holding a Master's degree or its equivalent.  
 
{{Note|1| The term {{NoteTerm|executive}} in the United States of America refers to a member of the managerial staff.}}
 
{{Note|1| The term {{NoteTerm|executive}} in the United States of America refers to a member of the managerial staff.}}
  
 
=== 356 ===
 
=== 356 ===
  
Special classifications apply in agriculture. {{TextTerm|Farmers|1|356|IndexEntry=farmer}} or {{TextTerm|farm operators|1|356|2|IndexEntry=farm operator|OtherIndexEntry=operator, farm}} are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between {{TextTerm|farm-owners|2|356|IndexEntry=farm-owner}}, who own their land, {{TextTerm|tenant farmers|3|356|IndexEntry=tenant farmer|OtherIndexEntry=farm tenant}}, who rent it from a landlord, and {{TextTerm|share-croppers|3|356|2|IndexEntry=share-cropper}}, who give a portion of the crop in return for the use of land and livestock. {{TextTerm|Agricultural laborers|4|356|IndexEntry=agricultural laborer|OtherIndexEntry=laborer, agricultural}} are persons working who are employed by farmers.
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Special classifications apply in agriculture. {{TextTerm|Farmers|1|356|IndexEntry=farmer}} or {{TextTerm|farm operators|1|356|2|IndexEntry=farm operator|OtherIndexEntry=operator, farm ...}} are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between {{TextTerm|farm-owners|2|356|IndexEntry=farm-owner|OtherIndexEntry=owner, farm-...}}, who own their land, {{TextTerm|tenant farmers|3|356|IndexEntry=tenant farmer|OtherIndexEntry=farmer, tenant ...}}, who rent it from a landlord, and {{TextTerm|share-croppers|3|356|2|IndexEntry=share-cropper|OtherIndexEntry=cropper, share-...}}, who give a portion of the crop in return for the use of land and livestock. {{TextTerm|Agricultural laborers|4|356|IndexEntry=agricultural laborer|OtherIndexEntry=laborer, agricultural ...}} are persons working who are employed by farmers.
{{Note|2| A {{NoteTerm|farm manager}} who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.}}
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{{Note|2| A {{NoteTerm|farm manager|OtherIndexEntry=manager, farm ...}} who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.}}
 
{{Note|3| In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a {{NoteTerm|crofter}}. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a {{NoteTerm|smallholder}}.}}
 
{{Note|3| In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a {{NoteTerm|crofter}}. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a {{NoteTerm|smallholder}}.}}
{{Note|4| Agricultural laborers are of three general types: {{NoteTerm|fulltime agricultural laborers, day laborers}}, and {{NoteTerm|seasonal agricultural laborers}}. This last category often consists of {{NoteTerm|migrant laborers}}.}}
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{{Note|4| Agricultural laborers are of three general types: {{NoteTerm|fulltime agricultural laborers|IndexEntry=fulltime agricultural laborer|OtherIndexEntry=agricultural laborer, fulltime ...|OtherIndexEntry2=laborer, fulltime agricultural ...}}, {{NoteTerm|day agricultural laborers|IndexEntry=day agricultural laborer|OtherIndexEntry=laborer, day agricultural ...|OtherIndexEntry2=agricultural laborer, day ...}}, and {{NoteTerm|seasonal agricultural laborers|IndexEntry=seasonal agricultural laborer|OtherIndexEntry=laborer, seasonal agricultural ...|OtherIndexEntry2=agricultural laborer, seasonal ...}}. This last category often consists of {{NoteTerm|migrant laborers|IndexEntry=migrant laborer|OtherIndexEntry=laborer, migrant ...}}.}}
  
 
=== 357 ===
 
=== 357 ===
  
The working population may also be classified by {{TextTerm|industry|1|357}} or {{TextTerm|branch of economic activity|1|357|2|OtherIndexEntry=economic activity, branch of}}. This classification depends on the nature of the {{TextTerm|firm|2|357}} or {{TextTerm|establishment|2|357|2}} that the individual works for. Generally importance is attached to the division of the population into {{TextTerm|agricultural workers|3|357|IndexEntry=agricultural worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, agricultural}} and {{TextTerm|non-agricultural workers|4|357|IndexEntry=non-agricultural worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, non-agricultural}}. {{TextTerm|Government employees|5|357|IndexEntry=government employee|OtherIndexEntry=employee, government}} are sometimes, and {{TextTerm|military personnel|6|357|OtherIndexEntry=personnel, military}} or {{TextTerm|members of the armed forces|6|357|2|IndexEntry=member of the armed forces|OtherIndexEntry=forces, member of the armed}} are generally shown separately, but employees of public enterprises are counted as a rule with the rest of the industrial population. Industries are generally classified in three sectors, the {{TextTerm|primary sector|7|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector. primary}} (agriculture, hunting, fishing and mining), the {{TextTerm|secondary sector|8|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, secondary}} (manufacturing, construction and utilities), and the {{TextTerm|tertiary sector|9|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, tertiary}} (commerce, finance, transport industries, and service industries). In developing countries the {{TextTerm|traditional sector|10|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, traditional}} is often listed separately and opposed to the modern sector of the economy.
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The working population may also be classified by {{TextTerm|industry|1|357}} or {{TextTerm|branch of economic activity|1|357|2|OtherIndexEntry=economic activity, branch of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=activity. branch of economic ...}}. This classification depends on the nature of the {{TextTerm|firm|2|357}} or {{TextTerm|establishment|2|357|2}} that the individual works for. Generally importance is attached to the division of the population into {{TextTerm|agricultural workers|3|357|IndexEntry=agricultural worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, agricultural ...}} and {{TextTerm|non-agricultural workers|4|357|IndexEntry=non-agricultural worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, non-agricultural ...|OtherIndexEntry2=agricultural worker, non-...}}. {{TextTerm|Government employees|5|357|IndexEntry=government employee|OtherIndexEntry=employee, government ...}} are sometimes, and {{TextTerm|military personnel|6|357|OtherIndexEntry=personnel, military ...}} or {{TextTerm|members of the armed forces|6|357|2|IndexEntry=member of the armed forces|OtherIndexEntry=armed forces, member of the ...}} are generally shown separately, but employees of public enterprises are counted as a rule with the rest of the industrial population. Industries are generally classified in three sectors, the {{TextTerm|primary sector|7|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, primary ...}} (agriculture, hunting, fishing and mining), the {{TextTerm|secondary sector|8|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, secondary ...}} (manufacturing, construction and utilities), and the {{TextTerm|tertiary sector|9|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, tertiary ...}} (commerce, finance, transport industries, and service industries). In developing countries the {{TextTerm|traditional sector|10|357|OtherIndexEntry=sector, traditional ...}} is often listed separately and opposed to the modern sector of the economy.
 
{{Note|1| For purposes of international comparability, the United Nations have prepared an International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities.}}
 
{{Note|1| For purposes of international comparability, the United Nations have prepared an International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities.}}
{{Note|5| A {{NoteTerm|civil servant}} is an {{NonRefTerm|employee}} ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) of the central government An {{NoteTerm|official}} is an employee of a public body but the term is occasionally used for salaried employees of large companies. A distinction is often drawn between {{NoteTerm|government employees}} and {{NoteTerm|private workers}}.}}
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{{Note|5| A {{NoteTerm|civil servant|OtherIndexEntry=servant, civil ...}} is an {{NonRefTerm|employee}} ({{RefNumber|35|3|3}}) of the central government. An {{NoteTerm|official}} is an employee of a public body but the term is occasionally used for salaried employees of large companies. A distinction is often drawn between {{NoteTerm|government employees|IndexEntry=government employee}} and {{NoteTerm|private workers|IndexEntry=private worker|OtherIndexEntry=worker, private ...}}.}}
  
 
=== 358 ===
 
=== 358 ===
  
The economically inactive population may be divided into {{TextTerm|dependents|1|358|IndexEntry=dependent}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|5}}) and {{TextTerm|self-supporting persons|2|358|IndexEntry=self-supporting person|OtherIndexEntry=person, self-supporting}}. Dependents depend for their support on the efforts of {{TextTerm|earners|3|358|IndexEntry=earner}} or {{TextTerm|breadwinners|3|358|2|IndexEntry=breadwinner}}; this is for example the case of {{NonRefTerm|housewives}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|4}}) and {{TextTerm|dependent children|4|358|IndexEntry=dependent child|OtherIndexEntry=child, dependent}}. Self-supporting persons have sufficient means for their subsistence. They may be {{TextTerm|rentiers|5|358|IndexEntry=rentier}} or {{TextTerm|persons of independent means|5|358|2|IndexEntry=person of independent means|OtherIndexEntry=independent means, person of}}, {{NoteTerm|retired persons}} or {{TextTerm|pensioners|6|358|IndexEntry=retired person|OtherIndexEntry=person, retired}}. A special category of dependents is that of {{TextTerm|persons receiving public assistance|7|358|IndexEntry=person receiving public assistance|OtherIndexEntry=public assistance, person receiving}} or {{TextTerm|public welfare recipients|7|358|2|IndexEntry=public welfare recipient|OtherIndexEntry=recipient, public welfare}}. Persons incapable of work are called {{TextTerm|unemployable|8|358}}. The ratio of the inactive to the active population is called the {{TextTerm|economic dependency ratio|9|358|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, economic dependency}}.
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The economically inactive population may be divided into {{TextTerm|dependents|1|358|IndexEntry=dependent}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|5}}) and {{TextTerm|self-supporting persons|2|358|IndexEntry=self-supporting person|OtherIndexEntry=person, self-supporting ...|OtherIndexEntry2=support, self-supporting person}}. Dependents depend for their support on the efforts of {{TextTerm|earners|3|358|IndexEntry=earner}} or {{TextTerm|breadwinners|3|358|2|IndexEntry=breadwinner}}; this is for example the case of {{NonRefTerm|housewives}} ({{RefNumber|35|0|4}}) and {{TextTerm|dependent children|4|358|IndexEntry=dependent child|OtherIndexEntry=child, dependent ...}}. Self-supporting persons have sufficient means for their subsistence. They may be {{TextTerm|rentiers|5|358|IndexEntry=rentier}} or {{TextTerm|persons of independent means|5|358|2|IndexEntry=person of independent means|OtherIndexEntry=independent means, person of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=means, person of independent ...}}, {{TextTerm|retired persons|6|358|IndexEntry=retired person|OtherIndexEntry=person, retired ...}} or {{TextTerm|pensioners|6|358|IndexEntry=pensioner}}. A special category of dependents is that of {{TextTerm|persons receiving public assistance|7|358|IndexEntry=person receiving public assistance|OtherIndexEntry=public assistance, person receiving ...|OtherIndexEntry2=assistance, person receiving public ...}} or {{TextTerm|public welfare recipients|7|358|2|IndexEntry=public welfare recipient|OtherIndexEntry=recipient, public welfare ...}}. Persons incapable of work are called {{TextTerm|unemployable|8|358}}. The ratio of the inactive to the active population is called the {{TextTerm|economic dependency ratio|9|358|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, economic dependency ...|OtherIndexEntry2=dependency, economic ... ratio}}.
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Dependent}} or {{NoteTerm|dependant}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|dependent}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|dependency}} or {{NoteTerm|dependancy}}, n.: the state of being dependent.}}
+
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Dependent|IndexEntry=dependent}} or {{NoteTerm|dependant}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|dependent}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|dependency}} or {{NoteTerm|dependancy}}, n.: the state of being dependent.}}
{{Note|9| The ratio of the young and the elderly to the adult population is called the {{NoteTerm|age dependency ratio}}.}}
+
{{Note|9| The ratio of the young and the elderly to the adult population is called the {{NoteTerm|age dependency ratio|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, age dependency ...|OtherIndexEntry2=dependency, age ... ratio}}.}}
  
 
=== 359 ===
 
=== 359 ===
  
It is possible to classify the population by the sector of economic activity from which they derive their livelihood, dependants being put into the same category as their breadwinners. We speak of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on|1|359|OtherIndexEntry=dependent population}} a particular branch of activity and in particular of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on agriculture|2|359|OtherIndexEntry=agriculture, population dependent on}}. The term {{TextTerm|agricultural population|2|359|2|OtherIndexEntry=population agricultural}} is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also be employed in the sense of {{TextTerm|farm population|2|359|3|OtherIndexEntry=population, farm}} which lives on farms or is dependent on agriculture and which is distinguished from the {{TextTerm|non-farm population|3|359|OtherIndexEntry=population, non-farm}} or {{TextTerm|non-agricultural population|3|359|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, non-agricultural}}.
+
It is possible to classify the population by the sector of economic activity from which they derive their livelihood, dependants being put into the same category as their breadwinners. We speak of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on|1|359|OtherIndexEntry=dependent on, population ...}} a particular branch of activity and in particular of the {{TextTerm|population dependent on agriculture|2|359|OtherIndexEntry=agriculture, population dependent on ...|OtherIndexEntry2=dependent on, population ... agriculture}}. The term {{TextTerm|agricultural population|2|359|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, agricultural ...}} is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also be employed in the sense of {{TextTerm|farm population|2|359|3|OtherIndexEntry=population, farm ...}} which lives on farms or is dependent on agriculture and which is distinguished from the {{TextTerm|non-farm population|3|359|OtherIndexEntry=population, non-farm ...|OtherIndexEntry2=farm population, non-...}} or {{TextTerm|non-agricultural population|3|359|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, non-agricultural ...|OtherIndexEntry2=agricultural population, non-...}}.
  
 
=== 360 ===
 
=== 360 ===
  
The {{TextTerm|infirm|1|360}} or {{TextTerm|handicapped|1|360|2}} are often separately shown in censuses. They are classified according to the nature of their {{TextTerm|infirmity|2|360}} or {{TextTerm|handicap|2|360|2|IndexEntry=handicapped}}. {{TextTerm|Physical infirmities|3|360|IndexEntry=physical infirmity|OtherIndexEntry=infirmity, physical}} or {{TextTerm|physical handicaps|3|360|2|IndexEntry=ratio, participation, labor force}} such as blindness, or deaf-mutism are generally distinguished from {{TextTerm|mental infirmities|4|360|IndexEntry=mental infirmity|OtherIndexEntry=infirmity, mental}} or {{TextTerm|mental handicaps|4|360|2|IndexEntry=mental handicap|OtherIndexEntry=handicap, mental}}, such as feeblemindedness or dementia.
+
The {{TextTerm|infirm|1|360}} or {{TextTerm|handicapped|1|360|2}} are often separately shown in censuses. They are classified according to the nature of their {{TextTerm|infirmity|2|360}} or {{TextTerm|handicap|2|360|2}}. {{TextTerm|Physical infirmities|3|360|IndexEntry=physical infirmity|OtherIndexEntry=infirmity, physical ...}} or {{TextTerm|physical handicaps|3|360|2|IndexEntry=physical handicap|OtherIndexEntry=handicap, physical ...}} such as blindness, or deaf-mutism are generally distinguished from {{TextTerm|mental infirmities|4|360|IndexEntry=mental infirmity|OtherIndexEntry=infirmity, mental ...}} or {{TextTerm|mental handicaps|4|360|2|IndexEntry=mental handicap|OtherIndexEntry=handicap, mental ...}}, such as feeblemindedness or dementia.
  
 
=== 361 ===
 
=== 361 ===
  
The study of the {{TextTerm|working life|1|361|IndexEntry=life, working, table of}} of individuals includes the study of the {{TextTerm|accession to the labor force|2|361|OtherIndexEntry=labor force, accession to}} and of the {{TextTerm|separation from the labor force|3|361|OtherIndexEntry=labor force, separation from}}. At accession it is possible to distinguish those who have never been active, from those who belonged to the labor force at an earlier date; separations may be listed by cause, e.g. death, {{TextTerm|retirement|4|361}}, temporary withdrawal. The analysis may proceed by cohort or period, and it involves {{TextTerm|rates of accession to the tabor force|5|361|IndexEntry=rate of accession to the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, rate of}}, or {{TextTerm|probabilities of accession to the labor force|6|361|IndexEntry=probability of accession to the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labour force, probability of}}, rates of separation from the labor force <sup>7</sup> or {{TextTerm|probabilities of separation from the labor force|8|361|IndexEntry=separation from the labor force, probability of}}, eventually by cause; these indices are computed by age or age-group.
+
The study of the {{TextTerm|working life|1|361|OtherIndexEntry=life, working ...}} of individuals includes the study of the {{TextTerm|accession to the labor force|2|361|OtherIndexEntry=labor force, accession to the ...|OtherIndexEntry2=force, accession to the labor ...}} and of the {{TextTerm|separation from the labor force|3|361|OtherIndexEntry=labor force, separation from the ...|OtherIndexEntry2=force, separation from the labor ...}}. At accession it is possible to distinguish those who have never been active, from those who belonged to the labor force at an earlier date; separations may be listed by cause, e.g. death, {{TextTerm|retirement|4|361}}, temporary withdrawal. The analysis may proceed by cohort or period, and it involves {{TextTerm|rates of accession to the labor force|5|361|IndexEntry=rate of accession to the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, rate of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, rate of accession to the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, rate of accession to the labor ...}}, or {{TextTerm|probabilities of accession to the labor force|6|361|IndexEntry=probability of accession to the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labour force, probability of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, probability of accession to the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, probability of accession to the labor ...}}, {{TextTerm|rates of separation from the labor force|7|IndexEntry=rate of separation from the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=separation from the labor force, rate of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, rate of separation from the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, rate of separation from the labor ...}} or {{TextTerm|probabilities of separation from the labor force|8|361|IndexEntry=probability of separation from the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=separation from the labor force, probability of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, probability of separation from the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, probability of separation from the labor ...}}, eventually by cause; these indices are computed by age or age-group.
  
 
=== 362 ===
 
=== 362 ===
  
These indices serve to compute {{TextTerm|tables of working life|1|362|IndexEntry=table of working life|OtherIndexEntry=working life, table of}}, by period or cohort. In addition to the probabilities described in the previous paragraph, these tables contain the distributions by {{TextTerm|age at accession to the labor force|2|362|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, age at}} and by {{TextTerm|age at separation from the labor force|3|362|OtherIndexEntry=separation from the labor force, age at}}, (eventually by cause, before and after accounting for mortality), the {{TextTerm|mean age at accession to the labor force|4|362|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, mean age at}} and the {{TextTerm|mean age at separation from the labor force|5|362|OtherIndexEntry=separation from the labor force, mean age at}}. The {{TextTerm|expectation of working life|6|362|OtherIndexEntry=working life, expectation of}}, the {{TextTerm|gross expectation of working life|7|362|OtherIndexEntry=expectation of working life, gross}} (which excludes the effect of mortality) and the {{TextTerm|net expectation of working life|8|362|IndexEntry=working life, expectation, net}} (which includes it) all represent the mean number of years of working life that remain to be lived at each age by the active population. For those entering the labor force at that age, this expectation constitutes the {{TextTerm|mean duration of working life|9|362|OtherIndexEntry=working life, mean duration of}}; a similar index can be computed for all ages at accession taken together.
+
These indices serve to compute {{TextTerm|tables of working life|1|362|IndexEntry=table of working life|OtherIndexEntry=working life, table of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=life, table of working ...}}, by period or cohort. In addition to the probabilities described in the previous paragraph, these tables contain the distributions by {{TextTerm|age at accession to the labor force|2|362|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, age at ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, age at accession to the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, age at accession to the labor ...}} and by {{TextTerm|age at separation from the labor force|3|362|OtherIndexEntry=separation from the labor force, age at ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, age at separation from the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, age at separation from the labor ...}}, (eventually by cause, before and after accounting for mortality), the {{TextTerm|mean age at accession to the labor force|4|362|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, mean age at ...|OtherIndexEntry2=age at accession to the labor force, mean ...|OtherIndexEntry3=labor force, mean age at accession to the ...|OtherIndexEntry4=force, mean age at accession to the labor ...}} and the {{TextTerm|mean age at separation from the labor force|5|362|OtherIndexEntry=separation from the labor force, mean age at ...|OtherIndexEntry2=age at separation from the labor force, mean ...|OtherIndexEntry3=labor force, mean age at separation from the ...|OtherIndexEntry4=force, mean age at separation from the labor ...}}. The {{TextTerm|expectation of working life|6|362|OtherIndexEntry=working life, expectation of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=life, expectation of working ...}}, the {{TextTerm|gross expectation of working life|7|362|OtherIndexEntry=expectation of working life, gross ...|OtherIndexEntry2=working life, gross expectation of ...|OtherIndexEntry3=life, gross expectation of working ...}} (which excludes the effect of mortality) and the {{TextTerm|net expectation of working life|8|362|OtherIndexEntry=expectation of working life, net ...|OtherIndexEntry2=working life, net expectation of ...|OtherIndexEntry3=life, net expectation of working ...}} (which includes it) all represent the mean number of years of working life that remain to be lived at each age by the active population. For those entering the labor force at that age, this expectation constitutes the {{TextTerm|mean duration of working life|9|362|OtherIndexEntry=working life, mean duration of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=duration of working life, mean ...|OtherIndexEntry3=life, mean duration of working ...}}; a similar index can be computed for all ages at accession taken together.
{{Note|1| Such tables are computed when temporary withdrawals from the labor force are a negligible proportion of the total, and this condition is approximately realized for males. For females, it is necessary to distinguish {{NoteTerm|first accession to the labor force}}, or {{NoteTerm|entry into the labor force}}, from {{NoteTerm|re-entry into the labor force}}. }}
+
{{Note|1| Such tables are computed when temporary withdrawals from the labor force are a negligible proportion of the total, and this condition is approximately realized for males. For females, it is necessary to distinguish {{NoteTerm|first accession to the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=accession to the labor force, first ...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, first accession to the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, first accession to the labor ...}}, or {{NoteTerm|entry into the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=labor force, entry into the ...|OtherIndexEntry2=force, entry into the labor ...}}, from {{NoteTerm|re-entry into the labor force|OtherIndexEntry=entry into the labor force, re-...|OtherIndexEntry2=labor force, re-entry into the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=force, re-entry into the labor ...}}. }}
  
  
 +
==<center>⁂</center>==
 
{{SummaryShort}}
 
{{SummaryShort}}
  
 
{{OtherLanguages|35}}
 
{{OtherLanguages|35}}

Latest revision as of 18:22, 29 September 2014


Disclaimer : The sponsors of Demopaedia do not necessarily agree with all the definitions contained in this version of the Dictionary.

The harmonization of all the second editions of the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary is an ongoing process. Please consult the discussion area of this page for further comments.


Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9


350

A distinction is generally made between the working population 1 or economically active population 1 and the unoccupied population 2 or economically inactive population 2. Generally speaking, the working population consists of those individuals engaged in gainful activities 3. A gainful activity, or economic activity 3, is an activity which contributes to the production of income. Unpaid family workers (353-5) are usually included in the economically active population. Homemakers 4 or housewives 4 engaged in unpaid domestic duties, students, retired workers, etc. are usually excluded. The members of the economically inactive population are sometimes referred to as dependents 5 (358-1) in the sense that they subsist on the product of the working population. (See, however, the different sense of this term stated in § 358). The ratio of the working population to the total population, usually computed with reference to a given sex-age group or other category, is called the activity ratio 6 or labor force participation ratio 6.

  • 1. The terms gainfully occupied population, gainful workers, labor force are used as synonyms for working population and economically active population.
    For statistical measurement of the working population, the gainful worker concept or the labor force concept may be used. According to the gainful worker concept, the working population is defined as being composed of those persons who have a gainful activity which they normally exercise. According to the labor force concept, it is defined as the group of persons who were working at a gainful occupation or wanting or seeking such work during a specified period preceding the inquiry.

351

Workers 1 who make up the working population can be classified as employed 2 or unemployed 3. Under the labor force concept (350-1 *), only persons who were actively seeking work 4 or are on temporary layoff during the specified period are usually counted as unemployed. It is important to distinguish between persons who have never had a job and persons who are looking for their first job 11★ or first-time job seekers 11★. The employed population 5 consists of all those currently working for pay or profit. Among the economically active, a substantial portion of workers may be compelled by the economic conditions of the country or of the time, to perform less work than they would normally be able and willing to perform; in this instance, the terms underemployment 6 or partial employment 6 are used. Marginal workers 7 who only very occasionally participate in economic activity, are most often classified as not in the labor force under the gainful worker concept (350-1 *). The employment to population ratio 8★ is the proportion of employed persons in the working age group (usually 15 to 64). Inactive persons 9★ are those who do not accomplish any kind of professional activity neither are looking for any employment. Hidden unemployment 10★ or labor reserve 10★ includes people who, although not officially registered as unemployed, are looking for a private work as well as those who do not exercise nor are looking for a job but if some job opportunities arose to them, could respond.

  • 2. Employed, n. and adj. - employment, n.: situation of an individual exercising an economic activity. Employment status refers to the classification as either employed or unemployed.
  • 3. Unemployed, n. and adj. - unemployment, n.
  • 6. One refers occasionally to underutilization of the labor force. Under-employment and underutilization also sometimes refer to the situation of persons who perform below their level of qualification.

352

The occupational classification 1 of the working population (350-1) shows its members grouped by occupation 2. The similarity of the work done by workers, including the similarity of skills and training required are the main criteria used for grouping occupations into occupational groups 3 or occupational classes 3.

  • 1. For purposes of comparability, the International Labour Office has prepared an International Standard Classification of Occupations.

353

The working population (350-1) is also usually classified by work status 1. In this classification employers 2 are distinguished from employees 3 on the one hand and from workers on own account 4 or independent workers 4 on the other. The latter do not employ labor for pay, but they, as well as employers, may be assisted by unpaid family workers 5 or family helpers 5 who are usually distinguished as a separate group. A combination of occupational and status classifications may be used to construct social status categories 6.

  • 1. The classification by status (as employer, employee, etc.) is designated by many different terms in the censuses of various countries, including “industrial status”, “states in employment”, “position in industry”, “class of worker”, etc.
  • 2. Managers are sometimes counted with employers though they are themselves employed.

354

Various sub-groups of the category of employees (353-3) are sometimes distinguished. One such sub-group is home workers 1 or cottage workers 1, who work in their own homes, sometimes for several employers. Among the employees a distinction is sometimes made between manual workers 2 and non-manual workers 3 or clerical and office workers 3. Manual workers may be further sub-divided according to their skill 4, with skilled workers 5, semi-skilled workers 6, and unskilled workers 7 being distinguished. Apprentices 8 are sometimes shown as a sub-category of employees.

  • 2. Another type of classification of employees is that which distinguishes between wage earners who are paid daily or weekly and salaried employees who are paid monthly or at even less frequent intervals. The statistics of the United States distinguish four broad occupational categories: white collar workers; blue collar workers, including craftsmen, operatives and non-farm laborers; service workers; and farm workers (cf. 356).
  • 7. A laborer is an unskilled worker, who does physical work.

355

Among the employees (353-3) a distinction is often made between the managerial staff 1, who make policy decisions; the executive staff 2 who apply the decisions; and supervisors 3 or foremen 3 who direct the operative. Officials (357-5) are divided into simple or lower service 4★, mainly for positions of menial work(eg, administrative assistants, technical assistants), middle service 5★, mainly for positions requiring roughly the equivalent of a completed apprenticeship (eg, editors, administrative secretaries), upper service 6★, mainly for positions requiring a Bachelor's degree or its equivalent (administrative frameworks or technical) and senior service 7★, restricted to graduates holding a Master's degree or its equivalent.

  • 1. The term executive in the United States of America refers to a member of the managerial staff.

356

Special classifications apply in agriculture. Farmers 1 or farm operators 1 are those who farm the land for profit; among them we distinguish between farm-owners 2, who own their land, tenant farmers 3, who rent it from a landlord, and share-croppers 3, who give a portion of the crop in return for the use of land and livestock. Agricultural laborers 4 are persons working who are employed by farmers.

  • 2. A farm manager who is salaried is generally classed as a farmer.
  • 3. In Scotland a small farmer is sometimes called a crofter. A farmer with a very small farm is also known as a smallholder.
  • 4. Agricultural laborers are of three general types: fulltime agricultural laborers, day agricultural laborers, and seasonal agricultural laborers. This last category often consists of migrant laborers.

357

The working population may also be classified by industry 1 or branch of economic activity 1. This classification depends on the nature of the firm 2 or establishment 2 that the individual works for. Generally importance is attached to the division of the population into agricultural workers 3 and non-agricultural workers 4. Government employees 5 are sometimes, and military personnel 6 or members of the armed forces 6 are generally shown separately, but employees of public enterprises are counted as a rule with the rest of the industrial population. Industries are generally classified in three sectors, the primary sector 7 (agriculture, hunting, fishing and mining), the secondary sector 8 (manufacturing, construction and utilities), and the tertiary sector 9 (commerce, finance, transport industries, and service industries). In developing countries the traditional sector 10 is often listed separately and opposed to the modern sector of the economy.

  • 1. For purposes of international comparability, the United Nations have prepared an International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities.
  • 5. A civil servant is an employee (353-3) of the central government. An official is an employee of a public body but the term is occasionally used for salaried employees of large companies. A distinction is often drawn between government employees and private workers.

358

The economically inactive population may be divided into dependents 1 (350-5) and self-supporting persons 2. Dependents depend for their support on the efforts of earners 3 or breadwinners 3; this is for example the case of housewives (350-4) and dependent children 4. Self-supporting persons have sufficient means for their subsistence. They may be rentiers 5 or persons of independent means 5, retired persons 6 or pensioners 6. A special category of dependents is that of persons receiving public assistance 7 or public welfare recipients 7. Persons incapable of work are called unemployable 8. The ratio of the inactive to the active population is called the economic dependency ratio 9.

  • 1. Dependent or dependant, n. - dependent, adj. - dependency or dependancy, n.: the state of being dependent.
  • 9. The ratio of the young and the elderly to the adult population is called the age dependency ratio.

359

It is possible to classify the population by the sector of economic activity from which they derive their livelihood, dependants being put into the same category as their breadwinners. We speak of the population dependent on 1 a particular branch of activity and in particular of the population dependent on agriculture 2. The term agricultural population 2 is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also be employed in the sense of farm population 2 which lives on farms or is dependent on agriculture and which is distinguished from the non-farm population 3 or non-agricultural population 3.

360

The infirm 1 or handicapped 1 are often separately shown in censuses. They are classified according to the nature of their infirmity 2 or handicap 2. Physical infirmities 3 or physical handicaps 3 such as blindness, or deaf-mutism are generally distinguished from mental infirmities 4 or mental handicaps 4, such as feeblemindedness or dementia.

361

The study of the working life 1 of individuals includes the study of the accession to the labor force 2 and of the separation from the labor force 3. At accession it is possible to distinguish those who have never been active, from those who belonged to the labor force at an earlier date; separations may be listed by cause, e.g. death, retirement 4, temporary withdrawal. The analysis may proceed by cohort or period, and it involves rates of accession to the labor force 5, or probabilities of accession to the labor force 6, rates of separation from the labor force 7 or probabilities of separation from the labor force 8, eventually by cause; these indices are computed by age or age-group.

362

These indices serve to compute tables of working life 1, by period or cohort. In addition to the probabilities described in the previous paragraph, these tables contain the distributions by age at accession to the labor force 2 and by age at separation from the labor force 3, (eventually by cause, before and after accounting for mortality), the mean age at accession to the labor force 4 and the mean age at separation from the labor force 5. The expectation of working life 6, the gross expectation of working life 7 (which excludes the effect of mortality) and the net expectation of working life 8 (which includes it) all represent the mean number of years of working life that remain to be lived at each age by the active population. For those entering the labor force at that age, this expectation constitutes the mean duration of working life 9; a similar index can be computed for all ages at accession taken together.

  • 1. Such tables are computed when temporary withdrawals from the labor force are a negligible proportion of the total, and this condition is approximately realized for males. For females, it is necessary to distinguish first accession to the labor force, or entry into the labor force, from re-entry into the labor force.


Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9