http://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&feed=atom&action=history40 - Revision history2024-03-29T06:05:54ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.28.0http://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=14270&oldid=prevJoseph Larmarange: Index improvements2013-08-22T14:50:53Z<p>Index improvements</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:50, 22 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1|401}} deals with the effect of death on the population. The general terms {{TextTerm|mortality rate|2|401|OtherIndexEntry=rate, mortality}} or {{TextTerm|death rate|2|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=rate, death}} encompass all the {{NonRefTerm|rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|3|4}}) which measure the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3|401|IndexEntry=death}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|6|8}} for a general discussion of {{NonRefTerm|crude rates)}}. This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5|401|OtherIndexEntry=population mean}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population average}} for the period, and the population at the mid-point of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a {{NonRefTerm|sub-population}} ({{RefNumber|10|1|6}}) only is studied, we speak of {{NonRefTerm|specific death rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6|401|IndexEntry=sex - age - specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, sex - age - specific death}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific}} without distinction of sex are also used on occasion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1|401}} deals with the effect of death on the population. The general terms {{TextTerm|mortality rate|2|401|OtherIndexEntry=rate, mortality <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|death rate|2|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=rate, death <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} encompass all the {{NonRefTerm|rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|3|4}}) which measure the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3|401|IndexEntry=death}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, crude death ...</ins>}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|6|8}} for a general discussion of {{NonRefTerm|crude rates)}}. This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5|401|OtherIndexEntry=population<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>mean <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>average <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} for the period, and the population at the mid-point of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a {{NonRefTerm|sub-population}} ({{RefNumber|10|1|6}}) only is studied, we speak of {{NonRefTerm|specific death rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6|401|IndexEntry=sex-age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, sex-age-specific death <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=death rate, sex-age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry3=age-specific, sex-... death rate</ins>}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, age-specific death ...</ins>}} without distinction of sex are also used on occasion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| Occasionally the term {{NoteTerm|mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| Occasionally the term {{NoteTerm|mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Death}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|die}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|dead}}, adj. syn. - {{NoteTerm|deceased}}, adj. or n.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Death<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|IndexEntry=death</ins>}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|die}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|dead}}, adj. syn. - {{NoteTerm|deceased}}, adj. or n.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The {{NonRefTerm|average number of persons years}} ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The {{NonRefTerm|average number of persons years}} ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between groups, and reference is made to an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. It is measured by an {{NewTextTerm|excess mortality index|3|402|OtherIndexEntry=excess mortality<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. index </del>...|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">OtherIndexEntryTwo</del>=mortality<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. index</del>, excess...}}. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|5|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention {{TextTerm|occupational diseases|6|402|IndexEntry=occupational disease|OtherIndexEntry=disease, occupational}}.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} between groups, and reference is made to an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. It is measured by an {{NewTextTerm|excess mortality index|3|402|OtherIndexEntry=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">index, </ins>excess mortality ...|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">OtherIndexEntry2</ins>=mortality, excess ... <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">index</ins>}}. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|5|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention {{TextTerm|occupational diseases|6|402|IndexEntry=occupational disease|OtherIndexEntry=disease, occupational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess male ...|OtherIndexEntry2=male mortality, excess ...</ins>}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{NonRefTerm|Crude death rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend upon the structure [particularly the {{NonRefTerm|age structure}} ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized rate mortality}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in {{NonRefTerm|population structure}} ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If {{NonRefTerm|specific rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect method of}}. More frequently, {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, rate standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403|OtherIndexEntry=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deaths</del>, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deaths</del>, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{NonRefTerm|Crude death rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend upon the structure [particularly the {{NonRefTerm|age structure}} ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality </ins>rate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=rate, standardized </ins>mortality <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=mortality rate, standardized ...</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=rate, adjusted mortality ...|OtherIndexEntry2=mortality rate, adjusted ...</ins>}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in {{NonRefTerm|population structure}} ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...</ins>}} with a given structure. If {{NonRefTerm|specific rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=standardization, direct method of ...</ins>}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect method of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=method of standardization, indirect ...|OtherIndexEntry3=direct method of standardization, in-...</ins>}}. More frequently, {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">...|OtherIndexEntry2=mortality, comparative ... index</ins>}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">standard ... rate|OtherIndexEntry2=</ins>rate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>standard <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality ...</ins>}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403|OtherIndexEntry=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>, observed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deaths</ins>}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>, expected <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deaths</ins>}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Standardize}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|standardized}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|standardization}}, n.: the process of standardizing.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Standardize<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|IndexEntry=standardize</ins>}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|standardized}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|standardization}}, n.: the process of standardizing.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect standardization a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=rate, indirectly standardized death ...|OtherIndexEntry2=death rate, indirectly standardized ...|OtherIndexEntry=standardized death rate, indirectly ...</ins>}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, comparative ... figure|OtherIndexEntry=figure, comparative mortality ...</ins>}} and that obtained by indirect standardization a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=mortality ratio, standardized ...|OtherIndexEntry2=ratio, standardized mortality ...</ins>}}.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Joseph Larmarangehttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=14245&oldid=prevJoseph Larmarange: /* 401 */ punctuation2013-08-21T13:49:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">401: </span> punctuation</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1|401}} deals with the effect of death on the population. The general terms {{TextTerm|mortality rate|2|401|OtherIndexEntry=rate, mortality}} or {{TextTerm|death rate|2|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=rate, death}} encompass all the {{NonRefTerm|rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|3|4}}) which measure the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3|401|IndexEntry=death}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|6|8}} for a general discussion of {{NonRefTerm|crude rates)}}. This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5|401|OtherIndexEntry=population mean}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population average}} for the period, and the population at the mid-point of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a {{NonRefTerm|sub-population}} ({{RefNumber|10|1|6}}) only is studied, we speak of {{NonRefTerm|specific death rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6|401|IndexEntry=sex - age - specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, sex - age - specific death}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific}} without distinction of sex are also used on occasion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1|401}} deals with the effect of death on the population. The general terms {{TextTerm|mortality rate|2|401|OtherIndexEntry=rate, mortality}} or {{TextTerm|death rate|2|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=rate, death}} encompass all the {{NonRefTerm|rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|3|4}}) which measure the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3|401|IndexEntry=death}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|6|8}} for a general discussion of {{NonRefTerm|crude rates)}}. This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5|401|OtherIndexEntry=population mean}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population average}} for the period, and the population at the mid-point of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a {{NonRefTerm|sub-population}} ({{RefNumber|10|1|6}}) only is studied, we speak of {{NonRefTerm|specific death rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6|401|IndexEntry=sex - age - specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, sex - age - specific death}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific}} without distinction of sex are also used on occasion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| Occasionally the term {{NoteTerm|mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| Occasionally the term {{NoteTerm|mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Death}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|die}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|dead}}, adj.syn. -{{NoteTerm|deceased}}, adj. or n.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Death}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|die}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|dead}}, adj. syn. - {{NoteTerm|deceased}}, adj. or n.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The {{NonRefTerm|average number of persons years}} ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The {{NonRefTerm|average number of persons years}} ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator.}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Joseph Larmarangehttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=14216&oldid=prevJoseph Larmarange: /* 403 */ Syntax error2013-08-11T17:20:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">403: </span> Syntax error</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{NonRefTerm|Crude death rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend upon the structure [particularly the {{NonRefTerm|age structure}} ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized rate mortality}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in {{NonRefTerm|population structure}} ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If {{NonRefTerm|specific rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect method of}}. More frequently, {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, rate standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{NonRefTerm|Crude death rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend upon the structure [particularly the {{NonRefTerm|age structure}} ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized rate mortality}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in {{NonRefTerm|population structure}} ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If {{NonRefTerm|specific rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect method of}}. More frequently, {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, rate standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br /></del>{{NoteTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1, </del>Standardize}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|standardized}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|standardization}}, n.: the process of standardizing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|1| </ins>{{NoteTerm|Standardize}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|standardized}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|standardization}}, n.: the process of standardizing.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect standardization a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect standardization a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Joseph Larmarangehttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=14077&oldid=prevNicolas Brouard: /* 402 */ "excess mortality index" is a NewTextTerm2012-10-09T11:16:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">402: </span> "excess mortality index" is a NewTextTerm</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between groups, and reference is made to an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. It is measured by an {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TextTerm</del>|excess mortality index|3|402|OtherIndexEntry=excess mortality. index ...|OtherIndexEntryTwo=mortality. index, excess...}}. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|5|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention {{TextTerm|occupational diseases|6|402|IndexEntry=occupational disease|OtherIndexEntry=disease, occupational}}.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between groups, and reference is made to an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. It is measured by an {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NewTextTerm</ins>|excess mortality index|3|402|OtherIndexEntry=excess mortality. index ...|OtherIndexEntryTwo=mortality. index, excess...}}. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|5|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention {{TextTerm|occupational diseases|6|402|IndexEntry=occupational disease|OtherIndexEntry=disease, occupational}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</div></td></tr>
</table>Nicolas Brouardhttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=14075&oldid=prevMagali BARBIERI: /* 402 */ Ajout terme 402-32012-10-08T17:12:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">402: </span> Ajout terme 402-3</span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between groups, and reference is made to an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|5|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention {{TextTerm|occupational diseases|6|402|IndexEntry=occupational disease|OtherIndexEntry=disease, occupational}}.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between groups, and reference is made to an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It is measured by an {{TextTerm|excess mortality index|3|402|OtherIndexEntry=excess mortality. index ...|OtherIndexEntryTwo=mortality. index, excess...}}</ins>. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|5|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention {{TextTerm|occupational diseases|6|402|IndexEntry=occupational disease|OtherIndexEntry=disease, occupational}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</div></td></tr>
</table>Magali BARBIERIhttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=110&oldid=prevNBBot: Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition2010-01-09T06:58:21Z<p>Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:58, 9 January 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l22" >Line 22:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 22:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{NonRefTerm|Crude death rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend upon the structure [particularly the {{NonRefTerm|age structure}} ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized rate mortality}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in {{NonRefTerm|population structure}} ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If {{NonRefTerm|specific rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|IndexEntry=direct, method of standardization</del>|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect method of}}. More frequently, {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, rate standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|IndexEntry=observed, deaths</del>|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{NonRefTerm|Crude death rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend upon the structure [particularly the {{NonRefTerm|age structure}} ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized rate mortality}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in {{NonRefTerm|population structure}} ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If {{NonRefTerm|specific rates}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect method of}}. More frequently, {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, rate standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br />{{NoteTerm|1, Standardize}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|standardized}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|standardization}}, n.: the process of standardizing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br />{{NoteTerm|1, Standardize}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|standardized}}, adj. - {{NoteTerm|standardization}}, n.: the process of standardizing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect standardization a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect standardization a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==<center><font size=12>* * * </font></center>==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td></tr>
</table>NBBothttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=109&oldid=prevNBBot: Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition2009-11-16T08:43:08Z<p>Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
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<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;' lang='en'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:43, 16 November 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--'''40'''--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--'''40'''--></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{CurrentStatus}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{CurrentStatus}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Unmodified edition <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I</del>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Unmodified edition <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">II</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Summary}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Summary}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1|401}} deals with the effect of death on the population. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Occasionally the term </del>{{TextTerm|mortality|2|401|OtherIndexEntry=mortality <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate</del>}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is used as a synonym for </del>{{TextTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality </del>rate|2|401|2|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IndexEntry</del>=rate, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality</del>}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </del>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TextTerm</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death rate</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2|401</del>|3|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">OtherIndexEntry=rate, death</del>}} which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measures </del>the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3|401|IndexEntry=death}}. Where the expression <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality rate, or </del>death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} or {{TextTerm|general death rate|4|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, general</del>}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>8}} for a general discussion of crude rates). This is generally an <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NoteTerm|</del>annual<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </del>rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5|401|OtherIndexEntry=population<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>mean}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>average}} for the period, and the population at the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">midpoint </del>of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a sub-population ({{RefNumber|10|1|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.5</del>}}) only is studied, we speak of specific death rates (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cf. </del>{{RefNumber|13|4|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6|401|IndexEntry=sex-age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death </del>rate, sex-age-specific}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>specific death rates|7|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific}} without distinction of sex are also used on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occasions</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1|401}} deals with the effect of death on the population. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The general terms </ins>{{TextTerm|mortality <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate</ins>|2|401|OtherIndexEntry=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate, </ins>mortality}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </ins>{{TextTerm|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death </ins>rate|2|401|2|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">OtherIndexEntry</ins>=rate, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">encompass all the </ins>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NonRefTerm</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rates}} ({{RefNumber</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13</ins>|3|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measure </ins>the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3|401|IndexEntry=death}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>|8}} for a general discussion of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>crude rates)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins>. This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5|401|OtherIndexEntry=population mean}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population average}} for the period, and the population at the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mid-point </ins>of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>sub-population<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>({{RefNumber|10|1|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>}}) only is studied, we speak of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>specific death rates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6|401|IndexEntry=sex - age - specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, sex - age - specific <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific}} without distinction of sex are also used on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occasion</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</del>}} n. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|die}} v.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, — </del>{{NoteTerm|dead}} adj. syn. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|deceased}} adj. or n.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|2| Occasionally the term {{NoteTerm|mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate.}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Death</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>n. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|die}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>v. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|dead}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>adj.syn. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>{{NoteTerm|deceased}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>adj. or n<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The {{NonRefTerm|average number of persons years}} ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator</ins>.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different </del>groups<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In general</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">men suffer </del>an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} as compared with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">women </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same age. Members of different occupations may also be subject to different rates of mortality ({{RefNumber|40|1|.2}})</del>. The study of differences in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">general </del>death <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate </del>of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</del>|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to mortality from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an {{TextTerm|occupational disease|5|402}}, i.e., a disease which is definitely </del>associated with a particular occupation, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e.g. pneumoconiosis among miners. Such mortality is sometimes called </del>{{TextTerm|occupational <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disease mortality</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>|402|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>|OtherIndexEntry=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality</del>, occupational <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disease</del>}}.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality}} between groups, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and reference is made to </ins>an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of one group </ins>as compared with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">another, or with the rest </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">population</ins>. The study of differences in the death <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rates </ins>of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins>|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational}} may refer to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>mortality from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hazards </ins>associated with a particular occupation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Among these</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we may mention </ins>{{TextTerm|occupational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diseases</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>|402|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IndexEntry=occupational disease</ins>|OtherIndexEntry=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disease</ins>, occupational}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age. }}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Crude death rates ({{RefNumber|40|1|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>4}}) will depend <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </del>the structure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>particularly the age structure ({{RefNumber|32|5|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>6}})<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>{{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>rate<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,mortality|OtherIndexEntry=</del>mortality <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate, standardized</del>}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|OtherIndexEntry=mortality rate, adjusted</del>}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in population structure ({{RefNumber|14|4|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If specific rates ({{RefNumber|13|4|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proceed by </del>the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </del>{{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">method of </del>standardization, indirect}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may be used to yield </del>{{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index,comparative mortality}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. These are employed for the same purpose as standardized mortality rates. They </del>are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality rate<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Their value is </del>obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>Crude death rates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">upon </ins>the structure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>particularly the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>age structure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins>of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1|403|IndexEntry=standardized rate mortality}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>population structure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard}} with a given structure. If <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NonRefTerm|</ins>specific rates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </ins>the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3|403<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|IndexEntry=direct, method of standardization</ins>|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the </ins>{{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4|403|OtherIndexEntry=standardization, indirect <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">method of</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. More frequently, </ins>{{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index, comparative mortality}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>rate standard}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; the indices are then </ins>obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7|403<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|IndexEntry=observed, deaths</ins>|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Note</del>|1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| {{NoteTerm|standardize</del>}} v. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|standardized}} adj. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|standardization}} n.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>the process of standardizing.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and that obtained by indirect a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br /></ins>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NoteTerm</ins>|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Standardize</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>v. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|standardized}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>adj. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|standardization}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>n.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>the process of standardizing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">standardization </ins>a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==<center><font size=12>* * * </font></center>==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td></tr>
</table>NBBothttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=108&oldid=prevNBBot: Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 19582009-11-07T18:40:24Z<p>Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 1958</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:40, 7 November 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{CurrentStatus}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{CurrentStatus}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Unmodified edition <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">II</del>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Unmodified edition <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Summary}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Summary}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1}} deals with the effect of death on the population. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The general terms </del>{{TextTerm|mortality <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate</del>|2}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </del>{{TextTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death </del>rate|2}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">encompass all the ''rates'' (</del>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RefNumber</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13</del>|3|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measure </del>the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</del>|8}} for a general discussion of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>crude rates).<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5}} for the period, and the population at the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mid-point </del>of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>sub-population<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>({{RefNumber|10|1|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</del>}}) only is studied, we speak of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>specific death rates<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NoteTerm</del>|sex<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </del>- <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NoteTerm|</del>age<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </del>- <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{TextTerm|</del>specific death rates|6}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7}} without distinction of sex are also used on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occasion</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401</ins>}} deals with the effect of death on the population. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Occasionally the term </ins>{{TextTerm|mortality|2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|OtherIndexEntry=mortality rate</ins>}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is used as a synonym for </ins>{{TextTerm|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality </ins>rate|2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|2|IndexEntry=rate, mortality</ins>}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </ins>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TextTerm|death rate|2</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">401</ins>|3|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">OtherIndexEntry=rate, death</ins>}} which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measures </ins>the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|IndexEntry=death</ins>}}. Where the expression <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality rate, or </ins>death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, crude}} or {{TextTerm|general death rate|4|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, general</ins>}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>8}} for a general discussion of crude rates). This is generally an <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NoteTerm|</ins>annual<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|OtherIndexEntry=population, mean</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|2|OtherIndexEntry=population, average</ins>}} for the period, and the population at the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">midpoint </ins>of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a sub-population ({{RefNumber|10|1|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.5</ins>}}) only is studied, we speak of specific death rates (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cf. </ins>{{RefNumber|13|4|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>6}}) among which {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TextTerm</ins>|sex-age-specific death rates|6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|IndexEntry=sex-age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, sex-age-specific</ins>}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>specific death rates|7<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|401|IndexEntry=age-specific death rate|OtherIndexEntry=death rate, age-specific</ins>}} without distinction of sex are also used on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occasions</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>| <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Occasionally the term </del>{{NoteTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or </del>death <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate.</del>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</ins>| {{NoteTerm|death}} n. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </ins>{{NoteTerm|die}} v.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, — </ins>{{NoteTerm|dead}} adj. syn. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </ins>{{NoteTerm|deceased}} adj. or n.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Death}}, </del>n. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>{{NoteTerm|die}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>v. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>{{NoteTerm|dead}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>adj.syn. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>{{NoteTerm|deceased}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>adj. or n<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The ''average number of persons years'' ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator</del>.}}</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1}} between groups, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and reference is made to </del>an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of one group </del>as compared with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">another, or with </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rest </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the population</del>. The study of differences in the death <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rates </del>of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>}} may refer to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>mortality from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hazards </del>associated with a particular occupation. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Among these, we may mention </del>{{TextTerm|occupational <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diseases</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6}}.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, differential</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|402|2|IndexEntry=mortality difference|OtherIndexEntry=difference, mortality</ins>}} between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different </ins>groups<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In general</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">men suffer </ins>an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, excess</ins>}} as compared with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">women of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same age. Members of different occupations may also be subject to different rates </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality ({{RefNumber|40|1|.2}})</ins>. The study of differences in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">general </ins>death <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate </ins>of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational</ins>}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4|402|OtherIndexEntry=mortality, occupational</ins>}} may refer to mortality from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an {{TextTerm|occupational disease|5|402}}, i.e., a disease which is definitely </ins>associated with a particular occupation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, e.g. pneumoconiosis among miners</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Such mortality is sometimes called </ins>{{TextTerm|occupational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disease mortality</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">402</ins>|2|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">OtherIndexEntry=</ins>mortality<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, occupational disease</ins>}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered.}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note</del>|2| <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male </del>mortality}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">implies a comparison with the corresponding female mortality, e.g. at the same age</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>Crude death rates<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">upon </del>the structure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</del>particularly the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>age structure<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </del>of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>population structure<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2}} with a given structure. If <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>specific rates<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </del>the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the </del>{{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. More frequently, </del>{{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; the indices are then </del>obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Crude death rates ({{RefNumber|40|1|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>4}}) will depend <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </ins>the structure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>particularly the age structure ({{RefNumber|32|5|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>6}})<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>{{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|IndexEntry=standardized, rate,mortality|OtherIndexEntry=mortality rate, standardized</ins>}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|2|IndexEntry=adjusted mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality rate, adjusted</ins>}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in population structure ({{RefNumber|14|4|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|OtherIndexEntry=population, standard</ins>}} with a given structure. If specific rates ({{RefNumber|13|4|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proceed by </ins>the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, direct</ins>}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </ins>{{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|OtherIndexEntry=method of standardization, indirect</ins>}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may be used to yield </ins>{{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|IndexEntry=comparative mortality index|OtherIndexEntry=index,comparative mortality</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. These are employed for the same purpose as standardized mortality rates. They </ins>are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|IndexEntry=standard mortality rate|OtherIndexEntry=mortality rate, standard</ins>}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Their value is </ins>obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, observed</ins>}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|403|OtherIndexEntry=deaths, expected</ins>}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|1| </ins>{{NoteTerm|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">standardize</ins>}} v. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </ins>{{NoteTerm|standardized}} adj. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </ins>{{NoteTerm|standardization}} n.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>the process of standardizing.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br /></del>{{NoteTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1, Standardize</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>v. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>{{NoteTerm|standardized}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>adj. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>{{NoteTerm|standardization}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>n.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </del>the process of standardizing.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins>4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and that obtained by indirect a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">standardization </del>a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==<center><font size=12>* * * </font></center>==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td></tr>
</table>NBBothttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=107&oldid=prevNBBot: Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition *** existing text overwritten ***2006-11-13T14:17:12Z<p>Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition *** existing text overwritten ***</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:17, 13 November 2006</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--'''40'''--></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!--'''40'''--></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{CurrentStatus}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{CurrentStatus}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Unmodified edition <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">I</del>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Unmodified edition <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">II</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Summary}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Summary}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9" >Line 9:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 401 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1}} deals with the effect of death on the population. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Occasionally the term </del>{{TextTerm|mortality|2}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is used as a synonym for </del>{{TextTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality </del>rate|2}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </del>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TextTerm</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death rate</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>}} which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measures </del>the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3}}. Where the expression <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mortality rate, or </del>death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death rate|4}} or {{TextTerm|general </del>death rate|4}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>|8}} for a general discussion of crude rates). This is generally an <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NoteTerm|</del>annual<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </del>rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5}} for the period, and the population at the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">midpoint </del>of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a sub-population ({{RefNumber|10|1|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>}}) only is studied, we speak of specific death rates (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cf. </del>{{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TextTerm</del>|sex-age-specific death rates|6}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>specific death rates|7}} without distinction of sex are also used on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occasions</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1}} deals with the effect of death on the population. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The general terms </ins>{{TextTerm|mortality <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate</ins>|2}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or </ins>{{TextTerm|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death </ins>rate|2}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">encompass all the ''rates'' (</ins>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">RefNumber|13</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measure </ins>the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3}}. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>|8}} for a general discussion of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>crude rates).<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5}} for the period, and the population at the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mid-point </ins>of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>sub-population<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>({{RefNumber|10|1|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>}}) only is studied, we speak of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>specific death rates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NoteTerm</ins>|sex<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>- <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NoteTerm|</ins>age<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}} </ins>- <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{TextTerm|</ins>specific death rates|6}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age specific death rates|7}} without distinction of sex are also used on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">occasion.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</del>}} n. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|die}} v.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, — </del>{{NoteTerm|dead}} adj. syn. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|deceased}} adj. or n.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|2| Occasionally the term {{NoteTerm|mortality}} is used as a synonym for mortality rate or death rate</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Death</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>n. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|die}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>v. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|dead}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>adj.syn. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>{{NoteTerm|deceased}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>adj. or n<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|5| When the observation period exceeds one year, the mean population is generally obtained as the average of several estimates of the size of the population for each year. The ''average number of persons years'' ({{RefNumber|13|5|6}}) is also used as denominator</ins>.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 402 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1}} between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different </del>groups<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In general</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">men suffer </del>an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2}} as compared with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">women </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same age. Members of different occupations may also be subject to different rates of mortality ({{RefNumber|40|1|2}})</del>. The study of differences in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">general </del>death <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rate </del>of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3</del>}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>}} may refer to mortality from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an </del>{{TextTerm|occupational <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disease</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, i</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">disease which is definitely associated </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a particular occupation</del>, e.g. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pneumoconiosis among miners</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Such mortality is sometimes called {{TextTerm|occupational disease mortality|4</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1}} between groups, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and reference is made to </ins>an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2}} <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of one group </ins>as compared with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">another, or with the rest </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">population</ins>. The study of differences in the death <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rates </ins>of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5</ins>}} may refer to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>mortality from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention </ins>{{TextTerm|occupational <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diseases</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>}}.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|1| Differentials in mortality is also encountered</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{Note|2| The expression {{NoteTerm|excess male mortality}} implies </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">comparison </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the corresponding female mortality</ins>, e.g. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at the same age</ins>. }}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== 403 ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Crude death rates ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on </del>the structure <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>particularly the age structure ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>{{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in population structure ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2}} with a given structure. If specific rates ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proceed by </del>the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The </del>{{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4}} <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">may be used to yield </del>{{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. These are employed for the same purpose as standardized mortality rates. They </del>are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Their value is </del>obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Crude death rates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">upon </ins>the structure <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>particularly the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>age structure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins>of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>population structure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2}} with a given structure. If <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>specific rates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </ins>the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the </ins>{{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. More frequently, </ins>{{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5}} are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; the indices are then </ins>obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Note</del>|1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| {{NoteTerm|standardize</del>}} v. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|standardized}} adj. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">— </del>{{NoteTerm|standardization}} n.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>the process of standardizing.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and that obtained by indirect a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br /></ins>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NoteTerm</ins>|1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Standardize</ins>}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>v. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|standardized}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>adj. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </ins>{{NoteTerm|standardization}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>n.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>the process of standardizing.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}} and that obtained by indirect <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">standardization </ins>a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SummaryShort}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div></td></tr>
</table>NBBothttp://en-ii.demopaedia.org/w/index.php?title=40&diff=106&oldid=prevNBBot: Eugene Grebenik et al., first edition 19582006-11-13T14:15:37Z<p>Eugene Grebenik et al., first edition 1958</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
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{{Summary}}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 401 ===<br />
<br />
The study of {{TextTerm|mortality|1}} deals with the effect of death on the population. Occasionally the term {{TextTerm|mortality|2}} is used as a synonym for {{TextTerm|mortality rate|2}} or {{TextTerm|death rate|2}} which measures the frequency of {{TextTerm|deaths|3}}. Where the expression mortality rate, or death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the {{TextTerm|crude death rate|4}} or {{TextTerm|general death rate|4}} is usually meant (cf. {{RefNumber|13|5|8}} for a general discussion of crude rates). This is generally an {{NoteTerm|annual}} rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean population|5}} or {{TextTerm|average population|5}} for the period, and the population at the midpoint of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a sub-population ({{RefNumber|10|1|5}}) only is studied, we speak of specific death rates (cf. {{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) among which {{TextTerm|sex-age-specific death rates|6}} are the most common. {{TextTerm|Age-specific death rates|7}} without distinction of sex are also used on occasions.<br />
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|death}} n. — {{NoteTerm|die}} v., — {{NoteTerm|dead}} adj. syn. — {{NoteTerm|deceased}} adj. or n.}}<br />
<br />
=== 402 ===<br />
<br />
Specific death rates may be used to study {{TextTerm|differential mortality|1}} or {{TextTerm|mortality differences|1}} between different groups. In general, men suffer an {{TextTerm|excess mortality|2}} as compared with women of the same age. Members of different occupations may also be subject to different rates of mortality ({{RefNumber|40|1|2}}). The study of differences in the general death rate of specific occupations is called the study of {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|3}}. In a rather different sense the term {{TextTerm|occupational mortality|4}} may refer to mortality from an {{TextTerm|occupational disease|5}}, i.e., a disease which is definitely associated with a particular occupation, e.g. pneumoconiosis among miners. Such mortality is sometimes called {{TextTerm|occupational disease mortality|4}}.<br />
<br />
=== 403 ===<br />
<br />
Crude death rates ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) will depend on the structure (particularly the age structure ({{RefNumber|32|5|6}})) of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared, {{TextTerm|standardized mortality rates|1}} or {{TextTerm|adjusted mortality rates|1}} are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in population structure ({{RefNumber|14|4|4}}). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a {{TextTerm|standard population|2}} with a given structure. If specific rates ({{RefNumber|13|4|6}}) for the population studied are available, it is possible to proceed by the {{TextTerm|direct method of standardization|3}} which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. The {{TextTerm|indirect method of standardization|4}} may be used to yield {{TextTerm|comparative mortality indices|5}}. These are employed for the same purpose as standardized mortality rates. They are computed by applying {{TextTerm|standard mortality rates|6}} to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths. Their value is obtained by comparing the {{TextTerm|observed deaths|7}} in the population with the {{TextTerm|expected deaths|8}} which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.<br />
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|standardize}} v. — {{NoteTerm|standardized}} adj. — {{NoteTerm|standardization}} n., the process of standardizing.}}<br />
{{Note|5| If a crude death rate ({{RefNumber|40|1|4}}) is multiplied by a comparative mortality index, we obtain an {{NoteTerm|indirectly standardized death rate}}. In British official terminology, when occupational mortality is studied, the figure obtained by direct standardization is called a {{NoteTerm|comparative mortality figure}}, and that obtained by indirect a {{NoteTerm|standardized mortality ratio}}.}}<br />
<br />
{{SummaryShort}}<br />
<br />
{{OtherLanguages|40}}</div>NBBot