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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Eugene Grebenik et al., first edition 1958)
 
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{{Summary}}
 
{{Summary}}
 
__NOTOC__
 
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=== 630 ===
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=== 632 ===
  
There are a number of measures which are used to calculate the frequency of births. The simplest is the {{TextTerm|birth rate|1}}, more accurately the {{TextTerm|crude birth rate|1}}, which is the fraction, the numerator of which is the total number of births in a population during a given period and the denominator is the total number of person-years lived by the population during that period. The latter expression is generally approximated by the size of the population at the mid-point of the period multiplied by the length of the period in years. The rate is usually stated per 1,000. Like other rates in which the population at the mid-point of the period is used as the denominator of the fraction this is sometimes called the {{TextTerm|central birth rate|1}}. Where the term "birth rate" is used without qualification, the {{TextTerm|live birth rate|2}} is generally meant and only live births ({{RefNumber|60|1|4}}) appear in the denominator. The {{TextTerm|total birth rate|3}} based on live births and late foetal deaths is sometimes calculated. {{TextTerm|Legitimate birth rates|4}} and {{TextTerm|illegitimate birth rates|5}} with legitimate and illegitimate births respectively in the denominator are computed and the {{TextTerm|illegitimacy ratio|6}}, the number of illegitimate births per 1,000 total births, is frequently used. These rates and ratios are generally based on live births. To compare the fertility of different populations, {{TextTerm|standardized birth rates|7}} are often used to eliminate the effect on the birth rate of certain differences in structure of the population (most commonly the age and sex structure). The {{TextTerm|child-woman ratio|8}}, most commonly the number of children aged 0 to 4 per 1,000 women of childbearing age, i.e., 15 or 20 to 44 or 49, is used as an index of fertility when reliable birth statistics are not available.
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The general term {{TextTerm|birth rate|1|632|OtherIndexEntry=rate, birth ...}} refers to a rate calculated by relating the number of live births observed in a population or sub-population during a given period to the size of the population or sub-population during the period. The rate is usually stated per 1,000, and the most usual period is one year. Where the term birth rate is used without qualification, it is understood to be the {{TextTerm|crude birth rate|2|632|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, crude ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, crude birth ...}}, and all live births are related to the entire population. The {{TextTerm|total birth rate|3|632|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, total ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, total birth ...}} based on live births and late foetal deaths is sometimes calculated. {{TextTerm|Marital birth rates|4|632|IndexEntry=marital birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, marital|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, legitimate birth ...}} ({{TextTerm|legitimate birth rates|4|632|IndexEntry=legitimate birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, legitimate|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, legitimate birth ...}}) and {{TextTerm|non-marital birth rates|5|632|IndexEntry=non-marital birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, non-marital|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, non-marital birth ...}} ({{TextTerm|illegitimate birth rates|5|632|IndexEntry=illegitimate birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, illegitimate|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, illegitimate birth ...}}) are also calculated with legitimate and illegitimate births in the numerator and the currently married and unmarried female population, respectively, in the denominator. The {{TextTerm|illegitimacy ratio|6|632|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, illegitimacy ...}}, the number of illegitimate births per 1,000 total births, is more frequently used, however. To compare the fertility of different populations, {{TextTerm|standardized birth rates|7|632|IndexEntry=standardized rate birth|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, standardized|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, standardized birth ...}} are often used to eliminate the effect on the birth rate of certain differences in structure of the population (most commonly the age and sex structure). The {{TextTerm|child-woman ratio|8|632|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, child-woman ...|OtherIndexEntry2=woman, child-woman ratio}}, most commonly the number of children aged 0 to 4 per 1,000 women of childbearing age, e.g., 15 to 49, is used as an index of fertility when reliable birth statistics are not available.
{{Note|3| The {{NoteTerm|stillbirth ratio}} or {{NoteTerm|late foetal death ratio}} is obtained if the number of stillbirths or late foetal deaths is divided by the number of live births {of. {{RefNumber|41|1|4}} for late foetal death rate or stillbirth rate.)}}
 
 
 
=== 631 ===
 
 
 
The term {{TextTerm|fertility rate|1}} is often used when the denominator of the birth rate fraction is restricted to females (or males) of reproductive age. {{TextTerm|Female fertility rates|2}}, which relate births to women of childbearing age, are more common but {{TextTerm|male fertility rates|3}} are also computed sometimes. {{TextTerm|Legitimate fertility rates|4}} relate the total number of legitimate births ({{RefNumber|61|0|3}}) to the number of currently married women (or men); {{TextTerm|illegitimate fertility rates|5}} relate the total number of illegitimate ({{RefNumber|61|0|4}}) births to the total number of single, widowed and divorced women (or men). Fertility rates without distinction of marital status ({{RefNumber|51|5|1}}) (called in French ''taux de fecondite generate)'' make use of legitimate and illegitimate births combined. {{TextTerm|General fertility rates|7}} usually relate all births to all women of reproductive age regardless of marital status and in such cases are the same as female fertility rates ({{RefNumber|63|1|2}}). Rates based on a narrower age range (usually one year or five years) are called {{TextTerm|age-specific fertility rates|8}} or {{TextTerm|age-specific birth rates|8}}. Here again, births arc usually taken to mean live births.
 
 
 
=== 632 ===
 
  
The term {{TextTerm|cohort fertility|1}} refers to the reproductive performance of particular birth or marriage cohorts. (Cf. {{RefNumber|11|6|2}} for "cohort"). When birth cohorts are considered, the term {{TextTerm|generation fertility|1}} is also used. The cohorts used are more commonly female cohorts. When total reproductive performance from the beginning of the exposure to the risk until some later date is being considered, we speak of {{TextTerm|cumulative fertility|2}}. {{TextTerm|Completed fertility|3}} or {{TextTerm|lifetime fertility|3}} is the cumulative fertility of a cohort at the time when all its living members (in the case of a birth cohort) or its youngest living members (in the case of a marriage cohort) reach the end of the reproductive period. Before this time the term {{TextTerm|incomplete fertility|4}} is employed to show that the cohort’s cumulative fertility may be expected to increase.
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{{Note|4| The denominator of the marital and non-marital birth rate is sometimes the total population.}}
{{Note|3| In computing {{NoteTerm|cumulative birth}} rates and {{NoteTerm|completed birth}} rates for birth or marriage cohorts of women, the denominator is usually the number of members of the cohort who are living at a specified age or date and the numerator is restricted to the births i,o these women before that age or dale, i. e., the members of the cohort who died previously and the birLhs to these women are excluded.}}
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{{Note|5| See note 4.}}
  
 
=== 633 ===
 
=== 633 ===
  
The {{TextTerm|fertility of marriage|1}} or {{TextTerm|marital fertility|1}} may be studied by means of {{TextTerm|duration-specific rates|2}} which are the ratios of births within a particular segment of married life to the total number of person-years lived by the women (or men) within that segment. The {{TextTerm|index of current marriage fertility|3}} and the {{TextTerm|average number of children per marriage|4}} may be computed by summing the duration-specific rates for a given period. The results thus obtained refer to the current fertility of a hypothetical marriage cohort and not to the completed fertility ({{RefNumber|63|2|3}}) of an actual marriage cohort.
+
The term {{TextTerm|fertility rate|1|633|OtherIndexEntry=rate, fertility ...}} is often used when the denominator of the birth rate is restricted to a group of individuals of the same sex in the reproductive ages ({{RefNumber|62|0|1}}). This denominator is commonly the mid-year population in the stated period, but it may also be the number of years lived by the group during the period, or the mean size of the group. Unless otherwise indicated, these rates are {{TextTerm|female fertility rates|2|633|IndexEntry=female fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, female|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, female fertility ...}}, and the rates are calculated for groups of women; the number of years lived by a given number of women in an interval is called the number of {{TextTerm|woman years|3|633|OtherIndexEntry=year, woman years}}. {{TextTerm|Male fertility rates|4|633|IndexEntry=male fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, male ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, male fertility ...}} are computed sometimes in an analogous manner. Fertility rates are generally expressed as births per thousand (implied: individuals of the same category — sex, age, marital status, etc. — cf. {{RefNumber|13|3|4}}*). {{TextTerm|Marital fertility rates|5|633|IndexEntry=marital fertility rate}} or {{TextTerm|legitimate fertility rates|5|633|2|IndexEntry=legitimate fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, legitimate ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, legitimate fertility ...}} relate the total number of legitimate births ({{RefNumber|61|0|3}}) to the number of currently married women; {{TextTerm|non-marital fertility rates|6|633|IndexEntry=non-marital fertility rate}} or {{TextTerm|illegitimate fertility rates|6|633|2|IndexEntry=illegitimate fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, illegitimate ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, illegitimate fertility ...}} relate the total number of illegitimate births ({{RefNumber|61|0|4}}) to the number of single, widowed and divorced women. {{TextTerm|Overall fertility rates|7|633|IndexEntry=overall fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, overall}} make no distinction according ({{RefNumber|61|0|1}}) to the marital status of the parents. The {{TextTerm|general fertility rate|8|633|IndexEntry=general rate fertility|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, general ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, general fertility ...}} relates the total number of births to all women of reproductive age regardless of marital status. Rates based on a narrower age range (usually one-year or five-year age groups) are called {{TextTerm|age-specific fertility rates|9|633|IndexEntry=age-specific fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, age-specific fertility ...}} or {{TextTerm|age-specific birth rates|9|633|2|IndexEntry=age-specific birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, age-specific birth ...}}.
 +
{{Note|1| In many expressions used in this and following paragraphs, {{NoteTerm|birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, birth ...}} is used synonymously with fertility rate.}}
 +
{{Note|5| {{NoteTerm|Marital fertility|IndexEntry=marital fertility|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, marital ...}} or {{NoteTerm|legitimate fertility|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, legitimate ...}}: the fertility of married persons (see {{RefNumber|63|5|1}}).}}
 +
{{Note|6| {{NoteTerm|Non-marital fertility|IndexEntry=non-marital fertility|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, non-marital|OtherIndexEntry2=marital fertility, non-...}} or {{NoteTerm|illegitimate fertility|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, illegitimate ...}}: the fertility of unmarried persons.}}
  
 
=== 634 ===
 
=== 634 ===
  
A {{TextTerm|fertility table|1}} (cf. {{RefNumber|15|3|1}}) or {{TextTerm|fertility schedule|1}} commonly shows fertility rates classified by age or by duration of marriage (or by both) and often shows these rates by order of birth ({{RefNumber|61|1|1}}). Such tables are sometimes said to be tables of {{TextTerm|fertility functions|2}}. Some fertility tables show the actual birth experience of marriage cohorts ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}) as they proceed through life, and contain the rates mentioned in para. 632. Other fertility tables show the experience of different age groups (or cohorts) in, a given year or a short period of years. With the latter tables the sum of all age-specific fertility rates is called the {{TextTerm|total fertility rate|3}} and represents the number of children, that would be born per 1,000 females (or males) if they experienced no mortality and were subject to the age-specific fertility rates of a specified fertility table. The female gross reproduction rate ({{RefNumber|71|1|4}}) which is obtained by multiplying the total fertility rate by the proportion of births which are female, is used frequently. The proportion of female births is the complement of the {{TextTerm|masculinity proportion at birth|4}}. The {{TextTerm|sex ratio at birth|5}}, which is sometimes called the {{TextTerm|secondary sex ratio|5}} to distinguish it from the {{TextTerm|sex ratio at conception|6}} or {{TextTerm|primary sex ratio|7}} is generally expressed as the ratio of the number of live boys born to the number of live girls born. It would be desirable to know the {{TextTerm|masculinity proportion at conception|6}} but as yet few data are available regarding sex in the case of foetal deaths ({{RefNumber|41|0|6}}*) during the first week or month after conception ({{RefNumber|60|2|1}}).
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{{TextTerm|Order-specific fertility rates|1|634|IndexEntry=order-specific fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, order-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, order-specific fertility ...}} relate births of a certain order to a number of women, to a number of marriages or to a number of births of the preceding order. {{TextTerm|Parity-specific fertility rates|2|634|IndexEntry=parity-specific fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, parity-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, parity-specific fertility ...}} or {{TextTerm|parity-specific birth rates|2|634|2|IndexEntry=parity-specific birth rate|OtherIndexEntry=birth rate, parity-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, parity-specific birth ...}} not only restrict the numerator to births of a given order, but also restrict the denominator to the women of the {{NonRefTerm|parity}} ({{RefNumber|61|1|6}}) {{NonRefTerm|at risk}} ({{RefNumber|13|4|2}}), e.g., second order births to one-parity women. Such rates are usually age-specific or duration-specific. In {{TextTerm|parity-specific birth probabilities|3|634|IndexEntry=parity-specific birth probability|OtherIndexEntry=birth probability, parity-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=probability, parity-specific birth ...}}, the numerator consists of the number of births of order x + 1 occurring during a period, and the denominator consists of the number of women of parity x at the beginning of the same period.
  
 
=== 635 ===
 
=== 635 ===
  
The distribution of women by the number of births they have had is called a {{TextTerm|parity distribution|1}} or sometimes a {{TextTerm|prolificacy distribution|1}} or {{TextTerm|family size distribution|1}}. The last term is ambiguous because relatives other than children are included in some studies of {{TextTerm|family size|2}} while other studies do not consider all children but only {{TextTerm|surviving children|3}} or {{TextTerm|dependent children|4}}. In the study of fertility of marriage, attention is often devoted to {{TextTerm|marriages of completed fertility|5}} i.e., to marriages in which the wife has reached the end of her reproductive period.
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When studying {{TextTerm|marital fertility|1|635|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, marital ...}} it is possible to arrange the data by {{NonRefTerm|marriage cohorts}} ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}) of the mothers, and {{TextTerm|marriage duration-specific fertility rates|2|635|OtherIndexEntry=rate, marriage duration-specific fertility ...|OtherIndexEntry2=duration-specific fertility rate, marriage ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility rate, marriage duration-specific ...}} are often computed in preference to {{TextTerm|age-specific marital fertility rates|3|635|IndexEntry=age-specific marital fertility rate|OtherIndexEntry=marital fertility rate, age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility rate, age-specific marital ...|OtherIndexEntry3=rate, age-specific marital fertility ...}}.
  
 
=== 636 ===
 
=== 636 ===
  
The term {{TextTerm|birth order rate|1}} is commonly used when the numerator of the birth rate ({{RefNumber|63|0|1}}) is restricted to births of a given order (cf. {{RefNumber|61|1|1}}), e.g. general fertility rates ({{RefNumber|63|1|7}}) are often sub-divided by birth order. {{TextTerm|Parity-specific birthrates|2}}, {{TextTerm|parity-specific fertility rates|2}} or {{TextTerm|select issue rates|2}} not only restrict the numerator to births of a given order but also restrict the denominator to the women of the parity (61.1.6) at risk ({{RefNumber|13|4|2}}), e.g. second order births to one-parity women. Such rates are usually age-specific ({{RefNumber|63|1|8}}) or duration-specific ({{RefNumber|63|3|2}}). Occasionally parity-specific birth rates are also specific for both age and duration. {{TextTerm|Parity-specific birth probabilities|3}} are the same as parity-specific birth rates except that the denominator consists of the number of women at the beginning of the period who have had a birth of the next lower order to the one considered in the numerator. A related index of fertility is the {{TextTerm|parity-progression ratio|4}} which is the fraction whose denominator is the number of women of parity in a population whose fertility is complete and whose numerator is the number of women of parity ''n'' + 1 in the same population. These ratios reflect all prior childbearing and may also be computed for women of a specified age or cohort ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}). The foregoing ratios could be, but in practice generally are not, computed for men.
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The term {{TextTerm|cohort fertility|1|636|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, cohort ...}} refers to the reproductive performance of particular birth or marriage cohorts ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}). When the age-specific or marriage duration-specific fertility rates are summed from the cohort’s beginning of exposure to risk until some later date, we speak of {{TextTerm|cumulative fertility|2|636|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, cumulative ...}}: {{NewTextTerm| cumulative age-specific fertility|3|636|OtherIndexEntry=cumulative fertility, age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility, age-specific cumulative ...}} or {{NewTextTerm|cumulative duration-specific marital fertility|3|636|OtherIndexEntry=duration-specific cumulative fertility, marital...|OtherIndexEntry2=cumulative fertility, marital duration-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry3=fertility, marital duration-specific cumulative ...}} when then ending date is that of a womans birthday or marriage ({{RefNumber|50|1|4}}), {{TextTerm|completed fertility|4|636|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, completed ...}} or {{TextTerm|lifetime fertility|4|636|2|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, lifetime ...}} is the cumulative fertility until the date when all members of the cohort have reached the end of the reproductive period. The sum of the products of the fertility rates of the cohort by the probability of survival of the women to successive ages could be called the {{TextTerm|cumulative net fertility|5|636|OtherIndexEntry=net fertility, cumulative ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility, cumulative net ...}}, {{NewTextTerm|net cumulative age-specific fertility|6|636|OtherIndexEntry=net cumulative fertility, age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=cumulative fertility, age-specific net ...|OtherIndexEntry3=fertility, age-specific net cumulative ...}} or {{NewTextTerm|net cumulative duration-specific marital fertility|6|636|OtherIndexEntry=duration-specific net cumulative fertility, marriage ...|OtherIndexEntry2=net cumulative fertility, marriage duration-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry3=cumulative fertility, marriage duration-specific net ...|OtherIndexEntry4=fertility, marriage duration-specific net cumulative ...}} and {{NewTextTerm|net complete fertility|7|636|OtherIndexEntry=complete fertility, net|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility, net complete ...}} or {{NewTextTerm|net lifetime fertility|7|636|OtherIndexEntry=lifetime fertility, net ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility, net lifetime ...}} of the cohort.
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{{Note|4| Before the end of the reproductive period, the terms incomplete fertility or fertility to date are employed to show that the cohort’s cumulative fertility may be expected to increase.}}
  
 
=== 637 ===
 
=== 637 ===
  
Couples who do not practise contraception during the period studied are called {{TextTerm|non-contracepting couples|1}}. The {{TextTerm|fertility of non-contracepting couples|2}} is sometimes studied and the probability of conception ({{RefNumber|60|2|1}}) in a menstrual cycle ({{RefNumber|62|2|5}}) has been called their {{TextTerm|fecundability|3}}. A woman’s {{TextTerm|pregnancy history|4}} or {{TextTerm|pregnancy record|4}} contains detailed information about her pregnancies, including the dates when each began and ended. If the record also provides data of other important periods of non-exposure to the risk of conception (e.g. prolonged absence on the part of the husband), a {{TextTerm|conception rate|5}} or {{TextTerm|pregnancy rate|5}} may be computed to show the number of conceptions per unit of time among women during periods of {{TextTerm|exposure to the risk of conception|6}}. Pregnancy rates are often age-specific ({{RefNumber|63|1|8}}) or duration-specific ({{RefNumber|63|3|2}}) and may be computed separately for contraceptors and non-contraceptors or for periods with and without the use of contraceptives. They are generally stated per 100 months of exposure. The {{TextTerm|months of exposure per conception|7}} obtained by reversing the previous procedure gives another index. It is obtained by dividing the months of exposure by the number of conceptions. A comparison between the pregnancy rates of non-contraceptors and contraceptors of equal fecundity will yield a measure of the {{TextTerm|efficacy of contraception|8}}, {{TextTerm|efficiency of contraception|8}} or {{TextTerm|contraceptive effectiveness|8}}.
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Censuses and surveys may provide information on fertility when they include questions on the number of children born to enumerated women or couples, either during the {{TextTerm|current marriage|1|637|OtherIndexEntry=marriage, current ...}}, or overall. The {{TextTerm|mean number of children ever born per woman|2|637|OtherIndexEntry=children ever born per woman, mean number of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=number of children ever born per woman, mean ...|OtherIndexEntry3=child ever born, mean number of children ever born per woman|OtherIndexEntry4=ever born, mean number of children ... per woman|OtherIndexEntry5=born, mean number of children ever ... per woman|OtherIndexEntry7=woman, mean number of children ever born per ...}} or {{TextTerm|average parity|2|637|2|OtherIndexEntry=parity, average ...}} can be computed. The number of children per couple is sometimes called {{TextTerm|average family size|3|637|OtherIndexEntry=family size, average ...|OtherIndexEntry2=size, average family ...}}. It is also possible to calculate the {{TextTerm|mean number of births per marriage|4|637|OtherIndexEntry=births per marriage, mean number of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=marriage, mean number of births per ...|OtherIndexEntry3=number of births per marriage, mean ...}}. Special attention is paid to {{TextTerm|completed fertility of marriages|5|637|IndexEntry=completed fertility of marriages|OtherIndexEntry=completed fertility, marriage of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility, marriage of completed ...}}, those in which the wife had reached the end of the reproductive years before the marriage was dissolved. The {{TextTerm|final parity|6|637|OtherIndexEntry=parity, final ...}} or {{TextTerm|completed parity|6|637|2|OtherIndexEntry=parity, completed ...}}, i.e., the mean number of children per woman past the childbearing age, is not very different from {{NonRefTerm|completed fertility}} ({{RefNumber|63|6|4}}). The tabulation of final parity or completed fertility by number of children serves to compute series of {{TextTerm|parity progression ratios|7|637|IndexEntry=parity progression ratio|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, parity progression...|OtherIndexEntry2=progression ratio, parity ...}}; these are fractions whose denominator is the number of women with {{NonRefTerm|n}} children, and whose numerator is the number of women with {{NonRefTerm|n}} + 1 children. Special studies yield information on {{TextTerm|family formation|8|637|OtherIndexEntry=formation, family ...}} and the {{TextTerm|family life cycle|8|637|2|OtherIndexEntry=cycle, family life ...|OtherIndexEntry2=life cycle, family ...}}. Among those, {{NewTextTerm|frequency of premarital conceptions|9|637|OtherIndexEntry=premarital conception, frequency of premarital conceptions|OtherIndexEntry2=conception, frequency of premarital conceptions}}, {{NonRefTerm|birth intervals}} ({{RefNumber|61|2|1}}) and the {{TextTerm|age at the birth of the last child|10|637|OtherIndexEntry=birth of the last child, age at ...|OtherIndexEntry2=last child, age at the birth of the ...|OtherIndexEntry3=child, age at the birth of the last ...}} for women of completed fertility are of particular interest.
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=== 638 ===
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{{TextTerm|Fertility histories|1|638|IndexEntry=fertility history|OtherIndexEntry=history, fertility ...}} or {{TextTerm|reproductive histories|1|638|2|IndexEntry=reproductive history|OtherIndexEntry=history, reproductive ...}} are accounts obtained for individual women of the important events in their reproductive lives, such as marriages, pregnancies, births, infant deaths, etc., and their dates. Fertility histories are often obtained retrospectively from surveys. {{TextTerm|Family forms|1|638|3|IndexEntry=family form|OtherIndexEntry=form, family ...}} are used in {{NonRefTerm|historical demography}} ({{RefNumber|10|2|1}}), where they are established for a married couple and its children by {{TextTerm|family reconstitution|2|638|OtherIndexEntry=reconstitution, family ...}} on the basis of {{NonRefTerm|vital records}} ({{RefNumber|21|1|3}}). A woman’s {{TextTerm|pregnancy history|3|638|OtherIndexEntry=history, pregnancy ...}} or {{TextTerm|pregnancy record|3|638|2|OtherIndexEntry=record, pregnancy ...}} contains detailed information about her pregnancies including the date when each began and ended, and the outcome of the pregnancy. Such detailed records on the timing of fertility have been used for various purposes. For example, they can provide information on {{TextTerm|natural fertility|4|638|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, natural ...}}, i.e., fertility in the absence of {{NonRefTerm|family limitation}} ({{RefNumber|62|4|4}}). They are also used to estimate {{TextTerm|fecundability|5|638}}, the probability of conceiving per {{NonRefTerm|menstrual cycle}} ({{RefNumber|62|2|2}}). A distinction is made between {{TextTerm|natural fecundability|6|638|OtherIndexEntry=fecundability, natural ...}}, in the absence of contraception, and {{TextTerm|residual fecundability|7|638|OtherIndexEntry=fecundability, residual ...}} in the opposite instance. The term {{TextTerm|effective fecundability|8|638|OtherIndexEntry=fecundability, effective ...}} designates a fecundability that is reckoned in terms of conceptions that result in live births only. The {{TextTerm|conception rate|9|638|OtherIndexEntry=rate, conception ...}} during the period of {{NonRefTerm|exposure to risk}} often estimated using the {{NewTextTerm|Pearl index|10|638|OtherIndexEntry=index, Pearl ...}} ({{RefNumber|61|3|1}}) is used to measure the effectiveness of contraception during periods of contraceptive use.
 +
{{Note|1| Birth histories are usually limited to live births.}}
 +
{{Note|6| When used alone, the word fecundability stands for natural fecundability.}}
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 +
=== 639 ===
 +
 
 +
A summary index of {{TextTerm|period fertility|1|639|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, period ...}}, i.e., the fertility of a particular year or period, computed by the summation of the series of age-specific fertility rates constituting the {{TextTerm|fertility schedule|2|639|OtherIndexEntry=schedule, fertility ...}} and representing a {{TextTerm|synthetic measure of fertility|3|639|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, synthetic measure of ...|OtherIndexEntry2=measure of fertility, synthetic ...}}, is the {{TextTerm|total fertility rate|4|639|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, total ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, total fertility ...}} or {{TextTerm|total fertility|4|639|2|OtherIndexEntry=fertility, total ...}}. Other summary period indices can be obtained, such as the {{TextTerm|total marital fertility rate|5|639|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, total marital ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, total marital fertility ...|OtherIndexEntry2=marital fertility rate, total ...}}, the summation of marriage duration-specific fertility rates, and the {{TextTerm|order-specific total fertility rate|6|639|OtherIndexEntry=fertility rate, order-specific total ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, order-specific total fertility ...|OtherIndexEntry3=total fertility rate, order-specific ...}}, the summation of age-specific fertility rates order by order. The {{TextTerm|ratio of births to marriages|7|639|OtherIndexEntry=birth, ratio of births to marriages|OtherIndexEntry2=marriage, ratio of births to marriages}} is computed by relating the number of births of a given year, either to the marriages of the year, or to a weighted average of the marriages of the current and of the preceding years.
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{{Note|2| Also, {{NoteTerm|fertility distribution|OtherIndexEntry=distribution, fertility ...}} or {{NoteTerm|fertility function|OtherIndexEntry=function, fertility ...}}.}}
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{{Note|4| This is not a rate in the meaning of ({{RefNumber|13|3|4}}). Total fertility for a given year represents the number of children that would be bom per 1,000 women if they experienced no mortality and were subject to the age-specific fertility rates observed for that year. The {{NoteTerm|period gross reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=gross reproduction rate, period ...|OtherIndexEntry2=reproduction rate, period gross ...|OtherIndexEntry3=rate, period gross reproduction ...}} (see {{RefNumber|71|1|4}}) which is derived by multiplying the total fertility rate by the proportion of female births, has often been used in the past, but the total fertility rate is preferred at present as the summary index of period fertility. }}
 +
{{Note|5| Or {{NoteTerm|total marital fertility|OtherIndexEntry=marital fertility, total ...|OtherIndexEntry2=fertility, total marital ...}}. The term is also used to describe the sum of the age-specific marital fertility rates above age 20.}}
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 +
=== 640 ===
  
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Where {{NonRefTerm|induced abortion}} ({{RefNumber|60|4|2}}) has been legalized, it is possible to compile statistics on {{NonRefTerm|legal abortions}} ({{RefNumber|60|4|4}}). The {{TextTerm|abortion rate|1|640|OtherIndexEntry=rate, abortion ...}} is a measure of the frequency of abortion in a population during a given period, usually a year. Abortions may be related to the total population or to the number of women in the reproductive ages and may be specific for age, parity or any other characteristic. The {{TextTerm|abortion ratio|2|640|OtherIndexEntry=ratio, abortion ...}} is a measure of the frequency of abortions in relation to the number of {{NonRefTerm|live births}} ({{RefNumber|60|1|4}}) during the same period. The {{TextTerm|life-time abortion rate|3|640|OtherIndexEntry=abortion rate, life-time ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, life-time abortion ...}} is the sum of {{NewTextTerm|age-specific abortion rates|4|640|IndexEntry=age-specific abortion rate|OtherIndexEntry=abortion rate, age-specific ...|OtherIndexEntry2=rate, age-specific abortion ...}} and is a synthetic measure of abortion per woman or per 1000 women. These rates are the ratio of the number of abortions reported at each age to years lived by all women of the same age. If women can be classified according to their marital status, {{NewTextTerm|abortion rates by age and marital status|5|640|IndexEntry=abortion rate by age and marital status|OtherIndexEntry=rate, abortion ... by age and marital status|OtherIndexEntry2=age, abortion rate by ... and marital status|OtherIndexEntry3=marital status, abortion rate by age and ...}} can be obtained. It is often also relevant to divide the number of abortions by the number of conceptions and so to calculate the {{NewTextTerm|probability that a pregnancy results in an abortion by age and marital status|6|640|OtherIndexEntry=pregnancy, probability that a ... results in an abortion by age and marital status|OtherIndexEntry2=abortion, probability that a pregnancy results in an ... by age and marital status|OtherIndexEntry3=age, probability that a pregnancy results in an abortion by ... and marital status|OtherIndexEntry4=marital status, probability that a pregnancy results in an abortion by age and ...}}.
  
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{{OtherLanguages|63}}
 
{{OtherLanguages|63}}

Latest revision as of 15:51, 22 July 2018


Disclaimer : The sponsors of Demopaedia do not necessarily agree with all the definitions contained in this version of the Dictionary.

The harmonization of all the second editions of the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary is an ongoing process. Please consult the discussion area of this page for further comments.


Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9


632

The general term birth rate 1 refers to a rate calculated by relating the number of live births observed in a population or sub-population during a given period to the size of the population or sub-population during the period. The rate is usually stated per 1,000, and the most usual period is one year. Where the term birth rate is used without qualification, it is understood to be the crude birth rate 2, and all live births are related to the entire population. The total birth rate 3 based on live births and late foetal deaths is sometimes calculated. Marital birth rates 4 (legitimate birth rates 4) and non-marital birth rates 5 (illegitimate birth rates 5) are also calculated with legitimate and illegitimate births in the numerator and the currently married and unmarried female population, respectively, in the denominator. The illegitimacy ratio 6, the number of illegitimate births per 1,000 total births, is more frequently used, however. To compare the fertility of different populations, standardized birth rates 7 are often used to eliminate the effect on the birth rate of certain differences in structure of the population (most commonly the age and sex structure). The child-woman ratio 8, most commonly the number of children aged 0 to 4 per 1,000 women of childbearing age, e.g., 15 to 49, is used as an index of fertility when reliable birth statistics are not available.

  • 4. The denominator of the marital and non-marital birth rate is sometimes the total population.
  • 5. See note 4.

633

The term fertility rate 1 is often used when the denominator of the birth rate is restricted to a group of individuals of the same sex in the reproductive ages (620-1). This denominator is commonly the mid-year population in the stated period, but it may also be the number of years lived by the group during the period, or the mean size of the group. Unless otherwise indicated, these rates are female fertility rates 2, and the rates are calculated for groups of women; the number of years lived by a given number of women in an interval is called the number of woman years 3. Male fertility rates 4 are computed sometimes in an analogous manner. Fertility rates are generally expressed as births per thousand (implied: individuals of the same category — sex, age, marital status, etc. — cf. 133-4*). Marital fertility rates 5 or legitimate fertility rates 5 relate the total number of legitimate births (610-3) to the number of currently married women; non-marital fertility rates 6 or illegitimate fertility rates 6 relate the total number of illegitimate births (610-4) to the number of single, widowed and divorced women. Overall fertility rates 7 make no distinction according (610-1) to the marital status of the parents. The general fertility rate 8 relates the total number of births to all women of reproductive age regardless of marital status. Rates based on a narrower age range (usually one-year or five-year age groups) are called age-specific fertility rates 9 or age-specific birth rates 9.

  • 1. In many expressions used in this and following paragraphs, birth rate is used synonymously with fertility rate.
  • 5. Marital fertility or legitimate fertility: the fertility of married persons (see 635-1).
  • 6. Non-marital fertility or illegitimate fertility: the fertility of unmarried persons.

634

Order-specific fertility rates 1 relate births of a certain order to a number of women, to a number of marriages or to a number of births of the preceding order. Parity-specific fertility rates 2 or parity-specific birth rates 2 not only restrict the numerator to births of a given order, but also restrict the denominator to the women of the parity (611-6) at risk (134-2), e.g., second order births to one-parity women. Such rates are usually age-specific or duration-specific. In parity-specific birth probabilities 3, the numerator consists of the number of births of order x + 1 occurring during a period, and the denominator consists of the number of women of parity x at the beginning of the same period.

635

When studying marital fertility 1 it is possible to arrange the data by marriage cohorts (116-2) of the mothers, and marriage duration-specific fertility rates 2 are often computed in preference to age-specific marital fertility rates 3.

636

The term cohort fertility 1 refers to the reproductive performance of particular birth or marriage cohorts (116-2). When the age-specific or marriage duration-specific fertility rates are summed from the cohort’s beginning of exposure to risk until some later date, we speak of cumulative fertility 2: cumulative age-specific fertility 3★ or cumulative duration-specific marital fertility 3★ when then ending date is that of a womans birthday or marriage (501-4), completed fertility 4 or lifetime fertility 4 is the cumulative fertility until the date when all members of the cohort have reached the end of the reproductive period. The sum of the products of the fertility rates of the cohort by the probability of survival of the women to successive ages could be called the cumulative net fertility 5, net cumulative age-specific fertility 6★ or net cumulative duration-specific marital fertility 6★ and net complete fertility 7★ or net lifetime fertility 7★ of the cohort.

  • 4. Before the end of the reproductive period, the terms incomplete fertility or fertility to date are employed to show that the cohort’s cumulative fertility may be expected to increase.

637

Censuses and surveys may provide information on fertility when they include questions on the number of children born to enumerated women or couples, either during the current marriage 1, or overall. The mean number of children ever born per woman 2 or average parity 2 can be computed. The number of children per couple is sometimes called average family size 3. It is also possible to calculate the mean number of births per marriage 4. Special attention is paid to completed fertility of marriages 5, those in which the wife had reached the end of the reproductive years before the marriage was dissolved. The final parity 6 or completed parity 6, i.e., the mean number of children per woman past the childbearing age, is not very different from completed fertility (636-4). The tabulation of final parity or completed fertility by number of children serves to compute series of parity progression ratios 7; these are fractions whose denominator is the number of women with n children, and whose numerator is the number of women with n + 1 children. Special studies yield information on family formation 8 and the family life cycle 8. Among those, frequency of premarital conceptions 9★, birth intervals (612-1) and the age at the birth of the last child 10 for women of completed fertility are of particular interest.

638

Fertility histories 1 or reproductive histories 1 are accounts obtained for individual women of the important events in their reproductive lives, such as marriages, pregnancies, births, infant deaths, etc., and their dates. Fertility histories are often obtained retrospectively from surveys. Family forms 1 are used in historical demography (102-1), where they are established for a married couple and its children by family reconstitution 2 on the basis of vital records (211-3). A woman’s pregnancy history 3 or pregnancy record 3 contains detailed information about her pregnancies including the date when each began and ended, and the outcome of the pregnancy. Such detailed records on the timing of fertility have been used for various purposes. For example, they can provide information on natural fertility 4, i.e., fertility in the absence of family limitation (624-4). They are also used to estimate fecundability 5, the probability of conceiving per menstrual cycle (622-2). A distinction is made between natural fecundability 6, in the absence of contraception, and residual fecundability 7 in the opposite instance. The term effective fecundability 8 designates a fecundability that is reckoned in terms of conceptions that result in live births only. The conception rate 9 during the period of exposure to risk often estimated using the Pearl index 10★ (613-1) is used to measure the effectiveness of contraception during periods of contraceptive use.

  • 1. Birth histories are usually limited to live births.
  • 6. When used alone, the word fecundability stands for natural fecundability.

639

A summary index of period fertility 1, i.e., the fertility of a particular year or period, computed by the summation of the series of age-specific fertility rates constituting the fertility schedule 2 and representing a synthetic measure of fertility 3, is the total fertility rate 4 or total fertility 4. Other summary period indices can be obtained, such as the total marital fertility rate 5, the summation of marriage duration-specific fertility rates, and the order-specific total fertility rate 6, the summation of age-specific fertility rates order by order. The ratio of births to marriages 7 is computed by relating the number of births of a given year, either to the marriages of the year, or to a weighted average of the marriages of the current and of the preceding years.

  • 2. Also, fertility distribution or fertility function.
  • 4. This is not a rate in the meaning of (133-4). Total fertility for a given year represents the number of children that would be bom per 1,000 women if they experienced no mortality and were subject to the age-specific fertility rates observed for that year. The period gross reproduction rate (see 711-4) which is derived by multiplying the total fertility rate by the proportion of female births, has often been used in the past, but the total fertility rate is preferred at present as the summary index of period fertility.
  • 5. Or total marital fertility. The term is also used to describe the sum of the age-specific marital fertility rates above age 20.

640

Where induced abortion (604-2) has been legalized, it is possible to compile statistics on legal abortions (604-4). The abortion rate 1 is a measure of the frequency of abortion in a population during a given period, usually a year. Abortions may be related to the total population or to the number of women in the reproductive ages and may be specific for age, parity or any other characteristic. The abortion ratio 2 is a measure of the frequency of abortions in relation to the number of live births (601-4) during the same period. The life-time abortion rate 3 is the sum of age-specific abortion rates 4★ and is a synthetic measure of abortion per woman or per 1000 women. These rates are the ratio of the number of abortions reported at each age to years lived by all women of the same age. If women can be classified according to their marital status, abortion rates by age and marital status 5★ can be obtained. It is often also relevant to divide the number of abortions by the number of conceptions and so to calculate the probability that a pregnancy results in an abortion by age and marital status 6★.

* * *

Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9