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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "71"

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 1958)
(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition)
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=== 710 ===
 
=== 710 ===
  
The theory of {{TextTerm|population replacement|1|710|OtherIndexEntry=replacement population}} treats population as a {{TextTerm|renewable resource|2|710|OtherIndexEntry=resource, renewable}} in the mathematical sense of the term. A distinction is drawn between {{TextTerm|gross replacement|3|710|OtherIndexEntry=replacement, gross}}, where no account is taken of mortality before the end of the reproductive period ({{RefNumber|62|0|.1}}), and {{TextTerm|net replacement|4|710|OtherIndexEntry=replacement, net}}, ia which this mortality is taken into account.
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The study of {{TextTerm|reproduction|1|710}} or {{TextTerm|population replacement|1|710|2|OtherIndexEntry=replacement, population}} is concerned with the natural process through which a population replaces its numbers. A distinction is drawn between {{TextTerm|gross reproduction|3|710|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction, gross}} or {{TextTerm|gross replacement|3|710|2|OtherIndexEntry=replacement, gross}}, where no account is taken of mortality before the end of the reproductive period ({{RefNumber|62|0|1}}), and {{TextTerm|net reproduction|4|710|IndexEntry=net, replacement|OtherIndexEntry=replacement, net}} or {{TextTerm|net replacement|4|710|2|IndexEntry=ner replacement|OtherIndexEntry=replacement, net}}, in which this mortality is taken into account.
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{{Note|1| Also {{NoteTerm|reproductivity}}. For another sense of reproduction see {{RefNumber|60|1|2}}.}}
  
 
=== 711 ===
 
=== 711 ===
  
In the study of replacement a number of indices, {{TextTerm|replacement rates|1|711|IndexEntry=replacement rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, replacement}} or {{TextTerm|reproduction rates|1|711|2|IndexEntry=reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, reproduction}} are used. Reproduction rates are generally {{TextTerm|female reproduction rates|2|711|IndexEntry=female reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, female}} or {{TextTerm|maternal reproduction rates|2|711|2|IndexEntry=maternal reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, maternal}}. The female {{TextTerm|net reproduction rate|3|711|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, net}} (see also para. 718) is defined as the average number of live daughters that would be born to a hypothetical female birth cohort ({{RefNumber|11|6|.2}}) which would be subjected to current age-specific fertility ({{RefNumber|03|1|.8}}) and mortality rates ({{RefNumber|40|1|.2}}). A female {{TextTerm|gross reproduction rate|4|711|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, gross}} is computed similarly on the assumption that mortality before the end of the reproductive age is zero. {{TextTerm|Male reproduction rates|5|711|IndexEntry=male reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, male}} or {{TextTerm|paternal reproduction rates|5|711|2|IndexEntry=paternal reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, paternal}} can be computed analogously using male births and a male birth cohort, and certain varieties of {{TextTerm|joint reproduction rates|6|711|IndexEntry=joint reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, joint}} which take both sexes into account have been proposed. Where the experience of an actual cohort is used in the construction of reproduction rates, {{TextTerm|cohort reproduction rates|7|711|IndexEntry=cohort reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, cohort}} or {{TextTerm|generation reproduction rates|7|711|2|IndexEntry=generation reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, generation}} are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called {{TextTerm|replacement index|8|711|OtherIndexEntry=index, replacement}} or {{TextTerm|J-ratio|8|711|2}} may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those under 1 year or 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbcaring age in the actual population to the corresponding quotient in the stationary population ({{RefNumber|70|3|.6}}).
+
In this study of replacement a number of indices, {{TextTerm|replacement rates|1|711|IndexEntry=replacement, rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, replacement}} or {{TextTerm|reproduction rates|1|711|2|IndexEntry=reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, reproduction}} are used. Reproduction rates are generally {{TextTerm|female reproduction rates|2|711|IndexEntry=female reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, female}} or {{TextTerm|maternal reproduction rates|2|711|2|IndexEntry=maternal reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, maternal}}. The female {{TextTerm|net reproduction rate|3|711|IndexEntry=net, reproduction rate}} is defined as the average number of live daughters that would be born to a hypothetical female {{NonRefTerm|birth cohort}} ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}) which would be subjected to a set of current {{NonRefTerm|age-specific fertility}} ({{RefNumber|63|1|8}}) and {{NonRefTerm|mortality rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|2}}). A female {{TextTerm|gross reproduction rate|4|711|OtherIndexEntry=rate, gross reproduction}} is computed similarly on the assumption that mortality before the end of the reproductive age is zero. {{TextTerm|Male reproduction rates|5|711|IndexEntry=male reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, male}} or {{TextTerm|paternal reproduction rates|5|711|2|IndexEntry=paternal reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, paternal}} can be computed analogously using male births and a male birth cohort, and certain types of {{TextTerm|joint reproduction rates|6|711|IndexEntry=joint, reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, joint reproduction}} which take both sexes into account have been proposed. Where the experience of an actual cohort is used in the construction of reproduction rates, {{TextTerm|cohort reproduction rates|7|711|IndexEntry=cohort reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, cohort reproduction}} or {{TextTerm|generation reproduction rates|7|711|2|IndexEntry=generation reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, generation}} are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called {{TextTerm|replacement index|8|711|OtherIndexEntry=index, replacement}} may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the {{NonRefTerm|stationary population}} ({{RefNumber|70|3|6}}).
{{Note|1| Some writers have used the term {{NoteTerm|replacement rate}} for a reproduction rate which takes emigration and immigration into account.}} 4, In England a variant of the net reproduction rate, the so-called {{NoteTerm|effective reproduction rate}}, has been calculated. In this rate current age-specific fertility rates ({{RefNumber|63|1|.8}}} are used in combination with estimated future age-specific mortality ({{RefNumber|41|2|.1}}) rates. The table which shows the product of the age-specific fertility rate and the number of years lived within this group in the life table is known as the {{NoteTerm|net fertility schedule}}.
 
  
 
=== 712 ===
 
=== 712 ===
  
Other replacement indices also are computed. For instance, the net reproduction rate is sometimes split into a {{TextTerm|legitimate component|1|712|IndexEntry=legitimate  component|OtherIndexEntry=component, legitimate}} and an {{TextTerm|illegitimate component|2|712|OtherIndexEntry=component, illegitimate}}. Again, a {{TextTerm|nuptial net reproduction rate|3|712|OtherIndexEntry=net reproduction rate, nuptial}} has been computed, showing the number of legitimate daughters that will be born to a newly-born female if current rates of mortality, fertility, nuptiality and dissolution of marriage remain unchanged. Generally such rates are female rates, but it would be possible to compute analogous male rates.
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Other replacement indices are also computed. For instance, the net reproduction rate is sometimes split into a {{TextTerm|legitimate component|1|712|OtherIndexEntry=component, legitimate}} and an {{TextTerm|illegitimate component|2|712|OtherIndexEntry=component, illegitimate}}. Again, a {{TextTerm|nuptial reproduction rate|3|712|OtherIndexEntry=rate, nuptial reproduction}} has been computed, showing the number of legitimate daughters that will be born to a newly-born female if current rates of mortality, fertility, nuptiality and dissolution of marriage remain unchanged. Generally such rates are for females, but it would be possible to compute analogous rates for males.
  
 
=== 713 ===
 
=== 713 ===
  
The net reproduction rate ({{RefNumber|71|1|.3}}) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ({{RefNumber|70|3|.1}}) are closely related to one another. The net reproduction rate will measure the increase of the stable population ({{RefNumber|70|3|.2}}) implied by the given age-specific fertility and mortality rates ({{RefNumber|40|1|.2}}), over a period equivalent to the {{TextTerm|length of a generation|1|713|OtherIndexEntry=generation, length of a}} or the {{TextTerm|mean interval between successive generations|1|713|2|OtherIndexEntry=generations, mean interval between successive}}. This length of a female generation is approximately equal to the {{TextTerm|average age of mothers|2|713|IndexEntry=average age of mother|OtherIndexEntry=mother, average age of}} giving birth to live daughters, provided current age-specific fertility and mortality rates prevail. Replacement indices are generally current indices (cf. {{RefNumber|15|3|.4}}) which relate to {{TextTerm|hypothetical cohorts|3|713|IndexEntry=hypothetical cohort|OtherIndexEntry=cohort, hypothetical}}, {{TextTerm|fictitious cohorts|3|713|2|IndexEntry=fictitious cohort|OtherIndexEntry=cohort, fictitious}} or {{TextTerm|synthetic cohorts|3|713|3|IndexEntry=synthetic cohort|OtherIndexEntry=cohort, synthetic}}.
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The {{NonRefTerm|net reproduction rate}} ({{RefNumber|71|1|3}}) and the {{NonRefTerm|intrinsic rate of natural increase}} ({{RefNumber|70|3|1}}) are closely related to one another. The net reproduction rate measures the increase in the {{NonRefTerm|stable population}} ({{RefNumber|70|3|2}}) implied by the given age-specific fertility and mortality rates over a period equivalent to the {{TextTerm|mean length of a generation|1|713|OtherIndexEntry=generation, mean length of a}} or the {{TextTerm|mean interval between successive generations|1|713|2|OtherIndexEntry=generations, mean interval between successive}}. This length of a female generation is equal to the {{TextTerm|mean age of mothers|2|713|OtherIndexEntry=age of mothers, mean}} giving birth to live daughters, with current age-specific fertility and mortality rates. Period reproduction rates are current indices (cf. {{RefNumber|15|2|}}) which relate to {{TextTerm|hypothetical cohorts|3|713|IndexEntry=hypothetical cohort|OtherIndexEntry=cohort, hypothetical}} or {{TextTerm|synthetic cohorts|3|713|2|IndexEntry=synthetic cohort|OtherIndexEntry=cohort, synthetic}}.
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{{Note|2| The {{NoteTerm|mean age of fertility}}, i.e., the mean age of the fertility schedule is only approximately equal to the mean length of a generation. The mean length of a male generation similarly is equal to the {{NoteTerm|mean age of fathers}} at the birth of their children. }}
  
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{{SummaryShort}}
 
{{SummaryShort}}
  
 
{{OtherLanguages|71}}
 
{{OtherLanguages|71}}

Revision as of 09:43, 16 November 2009


Disclaimer : The sponsors of Demopaedia do not necessarily agree with all the definitions contained in this version of the Dictionary.

The harmonization of all the second editions of the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary is an ongoing process. Please consult the discussion area of this page for further comments.


Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9


710

The study of reproduction 1 or population replacement 1 is concerned with the natural process through which a population replaces its numbers. A distinction is drawn between gross reproduction 3 or gross replacement 3, where no account is taken of mortality before the end of the reproductive period (620-1), and net reproduction 4 or net replacement 4, in which this mortality is taken into account.

  • 1. Also reproductivity. For another sense of reproduction see 601-2.

711

In this study of replacement a number of indices, replacement rates 1 or reproduction rates 1 are used. Reproduction rates are generally female reproduction rates 2 or maternal reproduction rates 2. The female net reproduction rate 3 is defined as the average number of live daughters that would be born to a hypothetical female birth cohort (116-2) which would be subjected to a set of current age-specific fertility (631-8) and mortality rates (401-2). A female gross reproduction rate 4 is computed similarly on the assumption that mortality before the end of the reproductive age is zero. Male reproduction rates 5 or paternal reproduction rates 5 can be computed analogously using male births and a male birth cohort, and certain types of joint reproduction rates 6 which take both sexes into account have been proposed. Where the experience of an actual cohort is used in the construction of reproduction rates, cohort reproduction rates 7 or generation reproduction rates 7 are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called replacement index 8 may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the stationary population (703-6).

712

Other replacement indices are also computed. For instance, the net reproduction rate is sometimes split into a legitimate component 1 and an illegitimate component 2. Again, a nuptial reproduction rate 3 has been computed, showing the number of legitimate daughters that will be born to a newly-born female if current rates of mortality, fertility, nuptiality and dissolution of marriage remain unchanged. Generally such rates are for females, but it would be possible to compute analogous rates for males.

713

The net reproduction rate (711-3) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (703-1) are closely related to one another. The net reproduction rate measures the increase in the stable population (703-2) implied by the given age-specific fertility and mortality rates over a period equivalent to the mean length of a generation 1 or the mean interval between successive generations 1. This length of a female generation is equal to the mean age of mothers 2 giving birth to live daughters, with current age-specific fertility and mortality rates. Period reproduction rates are current indices (cf. 152-) which relate to hypothetical cohorts 3 or synthetic cohorts 3.

  • 2. The mean age of fertility, i.e., the mean age of the fertility schedule is only approximately equal to the mean length of a generation. The mean length of a male generation similarly is equal to the mean age of fathers at the birth of their children.


Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9