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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "80"

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition *** existing text overwritten ***)
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=== 801 ===
 
=== 801 ===
  
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The study of {{TextTerm|spatial mobility|1}} or {{TextTerm|geographic mobility|1}} is concerned with the quantitative aspects of {{TextTerm|moves|2}} made by individuals in geographic space. The distinguishing characteristic of {{TextTerm|migration|3}} is that it involves a change in ''usual place of residence'' ({{RefNumber|31|0|6}}*) and implies movement across an administrative boundary. The administrative unit left by the migrant is the {{TextTerm|place of origin|4}} or {{TextTerm|place of departure|4}}; the unit to which the migrant goes is the {{TextTerm|place of destination|5}} or {{TextTerm|place of arrival|5}}. The concept of migration is often not applied to moves made by persons without a fixed place of residence, for example, ''nomads'' are excluded from the count of migrants in many countries. In practice it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between migration, which implies a relatively permanent change of residence, and {{TextTerm|temporary moves|6}}, except on the basis of criteria of {{TextTerm|length of absence|7}} from the place of origin or {{TextTerm|duration of stay|8}} at the place of destination. In general, geographic mobility does not include short-term trips which involve no change of usual residence, even though such moves may deserve study because of their economic and social importance. {{TextTerm|Commuting|9}} involves the daily or weekly journey from place of residence to place of work or schooling; {{TextTerm|seasonal moves|1}} ° have a yearly periodicity. {{TextTerm|Transits|11}}, which are moves across a territory to reach a destination, do not involve migration with respect to the territory crossed. {{TextTerm|Tourist traffic|12}} or {{TextTerm|vacationing|12}} also are not included in geographic mobility.
+
{{TextTerm|Migration|1|801}} is a form of {{TextTerm|geographical mobility|2|801|OtherIndexEntry=mobility, geographical}} or {{TextTerm|spatial mobility|2|801|2|OtherIndexEntry=mobility, spatial}} between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change of residence from the {{TextTerm|place of origin|3|801|OtherIndexEntry=origin, place of}} or {{TextTerm|place of departure|3|801|2|OtherIndexEntry=departure,  place of}} to the {{TextTerm|place of destination|4|801|OtherIndexEntry=destination, place of}} or {{TextTerm|place of arrival|4|801|2|OtherIndexEntry=arrival, place of}}. Such migration is called permanent migration and should be distinguished from other forms of movement which do not involve a permanent change of residence ({{RefNumber|21|2|.5}}). The concept of migration is applicable only in the case of relatively settled populations. In practice it is difficult to distinguish between migrants and visitors ({{RefNumber|31|0|.5}}), but a distinction is sometimes attempted on the basis of the {{TextTerm|length of absence|5|801|OtherIndexEntry=absence, length of}} from the previous residence or the {{TextTerm|duration of stay|6|801|OtherIndexEntry=stay, duration of}} at the new residence. Alternatively the distinction may be made on a juridical basis, depending upon the classification of a particular person as a resident or visitor by the government of the country having jurisdiction over the area concerned.
−
{{Note|1| ''Spatial mobility'' is distinguished from ''social mobility'' ({{RefNumber|92|0|4}}) and ''occupational mobility'' ({{RefNumber|92|1|3}}).}}
+
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Migration}} n. — {{NoteTerm|migrate}} v. — {{NoteTerm|migrant}} n., one who migrates, also used as adj. — {{NoteTerm|migratory}} adj., relating to migration.}}
−
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Migration}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|migrate}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|migrant}}, n.: one who migrates, also used as adj. - {{NoteTerm|migratory}}, adj.: pertaining to migration. The term ''migration'' refers to a process and cannot serve in English (in contrast to French) to describe a particular ''move;'' it is rarely used in the plural. Some authors view all ''residential mobility'' ({{RefNumber|80|3|6}}) as migration. For most, however, migratory moves involve the crossing of a boundary, and the administrative unit selected is called the {{NoteTerm|migration defining area}}. }}
 
−
{{Note|5| The terms {{NoteTerm|country of arrival}} and {{NoteTerm|country of reception}} are appropriate when ''international migration'' is the subject of interest.}}
 
−
{{Note|9| {{NoteTerm|Commute}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|commuter}}, n.: one who regularly travels from his place of residence to his place of work. The expression {{NoteTerm|journey to work}} is also used to describe this type of movement.}}
 
−
{{Note|10| {{NoteTerm|Seasonal movement}} is more accurate than the frequently used term {{NoteTerm|seasonal migration}} since these moves rarely involve a change of usual residence.}}
 
  
 
=== 802 ===
 
=== 802 ===
  
−
When migration is observed over time, it is convenient to compare the {{TextTerm|place of residence at a fixed past date|1}} or the {{TextTerm|place of last previous residence|2}} with the {{TextTerm|place of current residence|3}}. An individual whose administrative unit of residence differs at the beginning and end of a certain interval is identified as a {{TextTerm|migrant|4}}. Migrants may be classified as {{TextTerm|emigrants|5}} or {{TextTerm|out-migrants|5}} with respect to their place of origin and as {{TextTerm|immigrants|6}} or {{TextTerm|in-migrants|6}} with respect to their place of current residence. When a census or survey has included a question on {{TextTerm|previous place of residence|2}}, the information generated concerns in fact the {{TextTerm|latest migration|7}} or {{TextTerm|latest change of residence|7}}, whatever its date. A migrant is any individual who has had at least one prior residence in a different administrative unit from his or her current residence; such an individual can be considered to have {{TextTerm|migrated into|8}} the current residence, and {{TextTerm|migrated out|9}} of the previous one. A {{TextTerm|lifetime migrant|11}} is a person whose {{TextTerm|place of birth|10}} was in a different administrative unit from his or her current residence.
+
With respect to a defined territory, {{TextTerm|external migration|1|802|OtherIndexEntry=migration, external}} involves movement across its boundaries. Where the territory in question is a sovereign state, migration across its border is called {{TextTerm|international migration|2|802|OtherIndexEntry=migration, international}}. This term is sometimes used as a synonym for external migration, but the two are not necessarily equivalent. The terms {{TextTerm|immigration|3|802}} and {{TextTerm|emigration|4|802}} refer respectively to movement into or out of a particular territory. Migration within a given state, which consists of movement between different parts of that state, is called {{TextTerm|internal migration|5|802|OtherIndexEntry=migration, internal}}.
−
{{Note|4| Strictly speaking, under this concept a migrant must have been born before the beginning of the {{NoteTerm|migration defining interval}} and must survive until the end. This definition is sometimes extended to include children born during the interval who are allocated to the place of residence of their mother at the beginning of the interval. The number of recorded migrants is not necessarily equal to the number of moves which occurred during the interval for these individuals, as any one may have moved several times in the interval, or even have returned to his previous place of residence by the time of the census or survey.}}
+
{{Note|1| A person who crosses a country in the course of migratory movement is considered by that country as a person in {{NoteTerm|transit}}.}}
−
{{Note|10| Usually the place of birth is defined as the place of usual residence of the mother at the time of the birth even though custom or the location of medical facilities may have resulted in the birth occurring elsewhere.}}
+
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|immigration}} n. — {{NoteTerm|immigrate}} v. — {{NoteTerm|immigrant}} n., one who immigrates; also used as an adj. The term {{NoteTerm|in-migration}} is generally used instead of immigration in the case of migration which is not international; one who immigrates is an {{NoteTerm|in-migrant}}.}}
 +
{{Note|4| {{NoteTerm|emigration}} n. — {{NoteTerm|emigrate}} v. — {{NoteTerm|emigrant}} n., one who emigrates; also used as an adj. The term {{NoteTerm|emigré}} is usually applied to a person who leaves his native country for political reasons. Where migration is not international, the terms {{NoteTerm|out-migration}} and {{NoteTerm|out-migrant}} are generally used instead of emigration and emigrant.}}
  
 
=== 803 ===
 
=== 803 ===
  
−
The population of a ''sovereign country'' ({{RefNumber|30|5|3}}) may be involved in {{TextTerm|internal migration|1}} when both ''place of departure'' ({{RefNumber|80|1|4}}) and ''place of destination'' ({{RefNumber|80|1|5}}) are within the country, or in {{TextTerm|international migration|2}} which occurs {{NoteTerm|across}} national boundaries. The term {{TextTerm|external migration|3}} is sometimes encountered in the latter sense. International migration is called {{TextTerm|immigration|4}} or {{TextTerm|emigration|5}} according to whether the country in question is the country of destination or the country of origin. When the country is divided into sub-areas, movement within the boundaries of each sub-area are {{TextTerm|local moves|6}} and constitute {{TextTerm|residential mobility|6}}, while movement between sub-areas is called {{TextTerm|in-migration|7}} or {{TextTerm|out-migration|8}} depending on whether the sub-area considered is the place of destination or the place of origin for the migrants. A {{TextTerm|migration stream|9}} is a group of migrants having a common origin and destination. The larger stream between two sub-areas is called the {{TextTerm|dominant stream|10}} and the smaller the {{TextTerm|counterstream|11}}.
+
The term {{TextTerm|migratory movement|1|803|IndexEntry=migration movement|OtherIndexEntry=movement, migratory}} is used for that section of total population movement which is due to migration ({{RefNumber|80|1|.1}}). The total of {{TextTerm|arrivals|2|803|IndexEntry=arrival}} of immigrants ({{RefNumber|80|2|.3}}*) and {{TextTerm|departures|3|803|IndexEntry=departure}} of emigrants ({{RefNumber|80|2|.4}}*) is called {{TextTerm|gross migration|4|803|OtherIndexEntry=migration, gross}} or the {{TextTerm|volume of migration|4|803|2|OtherIndexEntry=migration volume}}. {{TextTerm|Net migration|5|803|OtherIndexEntry=migration, net}} is the difference between the total number of persons arriving and the total number leaving; it is also referred to as the {{TextTerm|balance of migration|5|803|2|OtherIndexEntry=migration, balance of}}. If the number entering exceeds the number leaving, there is {{TextTerm|net immigration|6|803|OtherIndexEntry=immigration, net}} in the reverse case there is {{TextTerm|net emigration|7|803|OtherIndexEntry=emigration net}}.
−
{{Note|1| The definitions of migration in this paragraph can be extended to the migrants involved. The distinction between internal and international migration is not always precise when territories within a country are more or less autonomous.}}
+
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|arrival}} n. — {{NoteTerm|arrive}} v.}}
−
{{Note|2| Simple commuting across a national border receives the name of {{NoteTerm|border traffic}}, and should not be mistaken for international migration.}}
+
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|departure}} n. — {{NoteTerm|depart}} v.}}
−
{{Note|4| {{NoteTerm|Immigration}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|immigrate}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|immigrant}}, n. and adj.}}
 
−
{{Note|5| {{NoteTerm|Emigration}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|emigrate}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|emigrant}}, n. and adj.}}
 
  
 
=== 804 ===
 
=== 804 ===
  
−
When an individual migrates several times during a certain period, his or her moves may be distinguished according to the {{TextTerm|order of migration|1}}. The {{TextTerm|duration of residence|2}} or {{TextTerm|duration of stay|2}} refers either to the interval between the arrival in a place and the subsequent departure for another destination or to the interval since the most recent move. {{TextTerm|Return migration|3}} involves movement back either to the initial area, or to any previous place of residence. {{TextTerm|Repeat migration|4}} or {{TextTerm|chronic migration|4}} refers to a tendency to migrate several times over a relatively short time interval. {{TextTerm|Rural-urban migration|5}} sometimes takes the form of {{TextTerm|serial migration|6}}, {{TextTerm|stage migration|6}} or {{TextTerm|step migration|6}}, as migrants tend to move to large cities as a final place of destination by a series of shorter, intermediate migrations to cities or areas of successively larger size.
+
{{TextTerm|Migration statistics|1|804|OtherIndexEntry=statistics, migration}} are compiled to reveal the volume of migration ({{RefNumber|80|1|.1}}), the direction of migratory movement ({{RefNumber|80|3|.1}}), and the characteristics of migrants ({{RefNumber|80|1|.1}}*). The accuracy with which each of these kinds of fact is ascertained depends upon the method of compilation, as most migration statistics consist of approximations and estimates rather than precise measurements. {{TextTerm|Direct measurement of migration|2|804|OtherIndexEntry=measurement of migration, direct}} requires a system of recording movements as they occur. In the case of overseas migration they may be based on passenger {{TextTerm|records|3|804|IndexEntry=record, passenger|OtherIndexEntry=passenger record}} or {{TextTerm|passenger lists|3|804|2|IndexEntry=passenger list|OtherIndexEntry=list, passenger}} of ships and aircraft. Counts of persons crossing a political frontier yield only very crude data unless special steps are taken to distinguish migrants from {{TextTerm|travellers|4|804|IndexEntry=traveller}}, who do not change their place of residence. The number of {{TextTerm|visas|5|804|IndexEntry=visa}} or {{TextTerm|entry permits|5|804|2|IndexEntry=entry permit|OtherIndexEntry=permit, entry}} granted and the number of {{TextTerm|residence permits|6|804|IndexEntry=residence permit|OtherIndexEntry=permit, residence}} or {{TextTerm|labour permits|7|804|IndexEntry=labour permit|OtherIndexEntry=permit, labour}} issued may also be used as an indication of the migration of foreign nationals. Changes of legal residence ({{RefNumber|31|0|.6}}*) noted for voting purposes, transfers of school registration and similar figures may be used as an index of internal migration ({{RefNumber|80|2|.5}}). Each of these sources may reflect a variety of movements other than those defined as migration or may fail to include movements which should be counted as migration.
−
{{Note|3| Individuals involved in return migration are called {{NoteTerm|return migrants}}.}}
+
{{Note|4| {{NoteTerm|traveller}} n. — {{NoteTerm|travel}} v. — {{NoteTerm|travel}} n., the process of travelling,}}
−
{{Note|4| When repeat migration involves moving to new areas, some authors talk of {{NoteTerm|secondary migration}} and of {{NoteTerm|secondary migrants}}, in contrast to {{NoteTerm|primary migration}} which involves first order or {{NoteTerm|primary migrants}}. This is a source of confusion, since these terms usually take the meaning of {{RefNumber|80|6|4}}.}}
+
{{Note|5| In certain countries residents who wish to travel abroad are required to obtain {{NoteTerm|exit permits}} or {{NoteTerm|exit visas}}, records of which may serve as a source of information on migratory movements.}}
  
 
=== 805 ===
 
=== 805 ===
  
−
The contribution of ''migration'' ({{RefNumber|80|1|3}}) to overall ''population growth'' ({{RefNumber|70|1|1}}) is due to {{TextTerm|net migration|2}}, i.e., the difference between the number of {{TextTerm|arrivals|3}} and the number of {{TextTerm|departures|4}}. Net migration can have a negative or a positive sign; {{TextTerm|net immigration|5}} or {{TextTerm|net in-migration|5}} is used when arrivals exceed departures, and {{TextTerm|net emigration|6}} or {{TextTerm|net out-migration|6}} when the opposite is true. The sum of arrivals and departures in a country can be used to measure the {{TextTerm|volume of migration|7}}. A similar concept, applied to sub-areas of a country, is the migration {{TextTerm|turnover|8}}. The {{TextTerm|net stream|9}} or {{TextTerm|net interchange|9}} of migration between two areas is defined as the difference between the ''stream'' ({{RefNumber|80|3|9}}) and the ''counterstream'' ({{RefNumber|80|3|11}}), whereas the gross {{TextTerm|interchange|10}} is the sum of stream and counterstream.
+
Where it is not possible to determine migration directly, the {{TextTerm|indirect measurement of migration|1|805|OtherIndexEntry=measurement of migration, indirect}} involves estimates obtained by the {{TextTerm|residual|2|805}} method, in which the change in population between two dates is compared with the change due to natural growth and the difference between the two figures attributed to migration. The {{TextTerm|vital statistics technique|3|805|IndexEntry=statistics technique, vital}} consists of computing the difference between total population change and natural increase ({{RefNumber|70|1|.7}}). In the {{TextTerm|survival ratio technique|4|805|IndexEntry=technique, survival ratio}} the death rates of the inter-censal period are applied to age ({{RefNumber|32|6|.5}}) the census population and to give the expected population at the end of the period. A comparison between the observed and the expected population may be used to estimate the balance of migration by age. If it were possible to obtain data on either net or gross migration and on the mean population of the area concerned, {{TextTerm|migration rates|5|805|IndexEntry=migration rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, migration}} showing the incidence of migration could be computed. In practice, however, it is extremely difficult to specify the population at risk and such rates are therefore rarely used.
−
{{Note|2| This may also be called the {{NoteTerm|balance of migration}} or the {{NoteTerm|migration balance}}. Terms such as "net migrant" should be avoided, and phrases such as the {{NoteTerm|net number of migrants}} should be preferred.}}
 
  
 
=== 806 ===
 
=== 806 ===
  
−
{{TextTerm|Spontaneous migration|1}}, {{TextTerm|voluntary migration|1}} or {{TextTerm|free migration|1}} is the result of the initiative and free choice of the migrants. In the absence of concerted action, the movement is referred to as {{TextTerm|individual migration|2}}. When entire families are moving together, the term {{TextTerm|family migration|3}} is sometimes encountered. {{TextTerm|Secondary migration|4}} or {{TextTerm|ancillary migration|4}} is induced by the movement of others, as when children follow the head of the family. The movement of workers or of members of the labor force in response to employment opportunities is referred to as {{TextTerm|labor migration|5}}. Moves occurring as a result of marriage and when individuals retire from the labor force are sometimes referred to respectively as {{TextTerm|marriage migration|6}} or {{TextTerm|retirement migration|7}}.
+
The study of the mobility of a population is concerned not only with migration proper (in the sense of {{RefNumber|81|0|.1}}) but also with temporary movements. Among the latter, certain regular movements are particularly important. {{TextTerm|Commuting|1|806}} is the regular journey between the place of residence and the place of work, and {{TextTerm|seasonal migration|2|806|OtherIndexEntry=migration, seasonal}} takes place at certain periods of the year. Such seasonal migration is generally {{TextTerm|labour migration|3|806|OtherIndexEntry=migration, labour}}, i.e., the migration of individuals coming to work for a certain season, e.g. the harvest.
−
{{Note|4| Although the terms are sometimes used in a different sense (cf. {{RefNumber|80|4|4}}*), a {{NoteTerm|primary migrant}} is the person who makes the actual migration decision while a {{NoteTerm|secondary migrant}} is an individual such as a young child whose migration is the result of another person’s decision. {{NoteTerm|Chain migration}} or {{NoteTerm|linked migration}} refers to a pattern of migration to specific places of destination, where a prospective migrant has a ''relative'' ({{RefNumber|11|4|3}}*) or friend who has established a residence and is willing to provide information and support.}}
+
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|commuting}} part. — {{NoteTerm|commute}} v. — {{NoteTerm|commuter}} adj. These terms are not generally used in England.}}
−
 
 
−
=== 807 ===
 
−
 
 
−
Where groups of individuals or families decide to migrate together {{TextTerm|collective migration|1}} or {{TextTerm|group migration|1}} will result. {{TextTerm|Mass migration|2}} involves a very large number of migrants. The term {{TextTerm|exodus|3}} may be used for a sudden mass migration caused by some emergency or catastrophe.
 
−
 
 
−
=== 808 ===
 
−
 
 
−
''Voluntary migration'' ({{RefNumber|80|6|1}}) contrasts with {{TextTerm|forced migration|1}}, in which individuals are compelled by public authorities to move. {{TextTerm|Repatriation|2}} applies to forced return of individuals to their country of origin. Another example of forced migration is the {{TextTerm|expulsion|3}} from their places of abode either of individuals or of whole groups of people. The term {{TextTerm|evacuation|4}} is generally reserved for the movement of whole populations in order to safeguard them from some catastrophe, such as earthquakes, floods, operations of war or the like. A {{TextTerm|refugee|5}} has usually migrated on his own volition, though there may have been strong pressure on him to migrate because his continued stay in his country of origin may have exposed him to danger of persecution. A {{TextTerm|displaced person|6}} is a person who has been moved by a public authority from his place of origin. This move may have taken place as a result of large-scale {{TextTerm|displacement of population|7}} or {{TextTerm|population transfer|7}}, or {{TextTerm|population exchange|8}}.
 
−
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Repatriation}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|repatriate, v}}.}}
 
−
{{Note|3| {{NoteTerm|Expulsion}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|expel}}, v - {{NoteTerm|expellee}}, n., one who has been expelled. The term {{NoteTerm|deportation}} is used for expulsion of an individual person from his country of residence because his continued residence is considered undesirable by the authorities. {{NoteTerm|Deportation, n. - deport, v. - deportee, n}}.}}
 
−
{{Note|4| {{NoteTerm|Evacuation}}, n. {{NoteTerm|evacuate}}, v, - {{NoteTerm|evacuee}}, n., a person who has been evacuated.}}
 
−
 
 
−
=== 809 ===
 
−
 
 
−
The process by which immigrants adjust themselves to conditions in the area of destination falls into several categories: ''naturalization'' ({{RefNumber|33|1|1}}), the acquisition of legal citizenship; {{TextTerm|absorption|1}} the entry into productive economic activity; {{TextTerm|assimilation|3}}, integration into the social structure on terms of equality; and {{TextTerm|acculturation|2}} the adoption of the customs and values of the population in the place of destination.
 
−
 
 
−
=== 810 ===
 
−
 
 
−
When immigrants from a particular territory do not assimilate in their new country but retain the customs of their ''place of origin'' ({{RefNumber|80|1|3}}), they are called a {{TextTerm|colony|1}}. When the receiving country is already inhabited, this raises problems of {{TextTerm|coexistence|2}} between different populations. These may be solved by the {{TextTerm|fusion|3}} of the populations, i.e. by the disappearance of recognizable differences, or by the {{TextTerm|integration|4}} of one of the populations into the other. {{TextTerm|Segregation|5}} exists in a territory where two or more populations live but remain separated by barriers imposed by custom or by the force of law.
 
−
{{Note|1| {{NoteTerm|Colony}}, n. {{NoteTerm|colonize}}, v., to found a colony, also used in the sense of settling a new territory - {{NoteTerm|colonist}}, n., member of a colony.}}
 
−
{{Note|2| {{NoteTerm|Coexistence}}, n.-{{NoteTerm|coexist}}, v.}}
 
−
{{Note|5| {{NoteTerm|Segregation}}, n. - {{NoteTerm|segregate}}, v.}}<br />In extreme cases, the conflict may result in {{NoteTerm|genocide}}, i.e. an attempt by one population to exterminate the other. {{NoteTerm|Exterminate}}, v. - {{NoteTerm|extermination}}, n.
 
−
 
 
−
=== 811 ===
 
−
 
 
−
{{TextTerm|Migration policy|1}} is one aspect of ''population policy'' ({{RefNumber|10|5|2}}). Most countries through their {{TextTerm|immigration laws|2}}, restrict the admittance of foreign nationals. These laws frequently provide for {{TextTerm|selective immigration|3}} of persons with certain specified characteristics. Some countries have established {{TextTerm|quota systems|4}} whereby the number of immigrants is fixed in relation to the {{TextTerm|national origin|5}}. Measures designed to influence the {{TextTerm|redistribution of population|6}} within a country through ''internal migration'' ({{RefNumber|80|3|1}}) are usually more indirect in character.
 
  
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==<center><font size=12>* * * </font></center>==
 
{{SummaryShort}}
 
{{SummaryShort}}
  
 
{{OtherLanguages|80}}
 
{{OtherLanguages|80}}

Revision as of 20:40, 7 November 2009


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Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9


801

Migration 1 is a form of geographical mobility 2 or spatial mobility 2 between one geographical unit and another, generally involving a change of residence from the place of origin 3 or place of departure 3 to the place of destination 4 or place of arrival 4. Such migration is called permanent migration and should be distinguished from other forms of movement which do not involve a permanent change of residence (212-.5). The concept of migration is applicable only in the case of relatively settled populations. In practice it is difficult to distinguish between migrants and visitors (310-.5), but a distinction is sometimes attempted on the basis of the length of absence 5 from the previous residence or the duration of stay 6 at the new residence. Alternatively the distinction may be made on a juridical basis, depending upon the classification of a particular person as a resident or visitor by the government of the country having jurisdiction over the area concerned.

  • 1. Migration n. — migrate v. — migrant n., one who migrates, also used as adj. — migratory adj., relating to migration.

802

With respect to a defined territory, external migration 1 involves movement across its boundaries. Where the territory in question is a sovereign state, migration across its border is called international migration 2. This term is sometimes used as a synonym for external migration, but the two are not necessarily equivalent. The terms immigration 3 and emigration 4 refer respectively to movement into or out of a particular territory. Migration within a given state, which consists of movement between different parts of that state, is called internal migration 5.

  • 1. A person who crosses a country in the course of migratory movement is considered by that country as a person in transit.
  • 3. immigration n. — immigrate v. — immigrant n., one who immigrates; also used as an adj. The term in-migration is generally used instead of immigration in the case of migration which is not international; one who immigrates is an in-migrant.
  • 4. emigration n. — emigrate v. — emigrant n., one who emigrates; also used as an adj. The term emigré is usually applied to a person who leaves his native country for political reasons. Where migration is not international, the terms out-migration and out-migrant are generally used instead of emigration and emigrant.

803

The term migratory movement 1 is used for that section of total population movement which is due to migration (801-.1). The total of arrivals 2 of immigrants (802-.3*) and departures 3 of emigrants (802-.4*) is called gross migration 4 or the volume of migration 4. Net migration 5 is the difference between the total number of persons arriving and the total number leaving; it is also referred to as the balance of migration 5. If the number entering exceeds the number leaving, there is net immigration 6 in the reverse case there is net emigration 7.

  • 2. arrival n. — arrive v.
  • 3. departure n. — depart v.

804

Migration statistics 1 are compiled to reveal the volume of migration (801-.1), the direction of migratory movement (803-.1), and the characteristics of migrants (801-.1*). The accuracy with which each of these kinds of fact is ascertained depends upon the method of compilation, as most migration statistics consist of approximations and estimates rather than precise measurements. Direct measurement of migration 2 requires a system of recording movements as they occur. In the case of overseas migration they may be based on passenger records 3 or passenger lists 3 of ships and aircraft. Counts of persons crossing a political frontier yield only very crude data unless special steps are taken to distinguish migrants from travellers 4, who do not change their place of residence. The number of visas 5 or entry permits 5 granted and the number of residence permits 6 or labour permits 7 issued may also be used as an indication of the migration of foreign nationals. Changes of legal residence (310-.6*) noted for voting purposes, transfers of school registration and similar figures may be used as an index of internal migration (802-.5). Each of these sources may reflect a variety of movements other than those defined as migration or may fail to include movements which should be counted as migration.

  • 4. traveller n. — travel v. — travel n., the process of travelling,
  • 5. In certain countries residents who wish to travel abroad are required to obtain exit permits or exit visas, records of which may serve as a source of information on migratory movements.

805

Where it is not possible to determine migration directly, the indirect measurement of migration 1 involves estimates obtained by the residual 2 method, in which the change in population between two dates is compared with the change due to natural growth and the difference between the two figures attributed to migration. The vital statistics technique 3 consists of computing the difference between total population change and natural increase (701-.7). In the survival ratio technique 4 the death rates of the inter-censal period are applied to age (326-.5) the census population and to give the expected population at the end of the period. A comparison between the observed and the expected population may be used to estimate the balance of migration by age. If it were possible to obtain data on either net or gross migration and on the mean population of the area concerned, migration rates 5 showing the incidence of migration could be computed. In practice, however, it is extremely difficult to specify the population at risk and such rates are therefore rarely used.

806

The study of the mobility of a population is concerned not only with migration proper (in the sense of 810-.1) but also with temporary movements. Among the latter, certain regular movements are particularly important. Commuting 1 is the regular journey between the place of residence and the place of work, and seasonal migration 2 takes place at certain periods of the year. Such seasonal migration is generally labour migration 3, i.e., the migration of individuals coming to work for a certain season, e.g. the harvest.

  • 1. commuting part. — commute v. — commuter adj. These terms are not generally used in England.

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Go to: Introduction to Demopædia | Instructions on use | Downloads
Chapters: Preface | 1. General concepts | 2. The treatment and processing of population statistics | 3. Distribution and classification of the population | 4. Mortality and morbidity | 5. Nuptiality | 6. Fertility | 7. Population growth and replacement | 8. Spatial mobility | 9. Economic and social aspects of demography
Pages: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93
Index: Global Index | Index of chapter 1 | Index of chapter 2 | Index of chapter 3 | Index of chapter 4 | Index of chapter 5 | Index of chapter 6 | Index of chapter 7 | Index of chapter 8 | Index of chapter 9

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