Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Revision as of 20:50, 7 November 2009

Graduation (GRADUATION)

Translation
Section	English 151	Arabic 151	German 151	Spanish 151	Finnish 151	French 151	Italian 151	Polish 151	Portuguese 151	Russian 151
151-1	graduation —smoothing	تدريج بياني (بيان)—تمهيد (تمهيد)	ausgeglichene Reihe —Ausgleichung	ajustada —ajuste	tasoittaminen	ajusté —ajustement —lissage	perequazione —graduazione	wartości wyrównane —wyrównywanie	PEREQUAÇÃO —REGULARIZAÇÃO	Выравнивание —Ряда сглаживание
151-2	graphic graduation	تمهيد بياني (بيان)—تمهيد بياني (تمهيد)	graphische Ausgleichung	ajuste gráfico	graafinen tasoittaminen	ajustement graphique	perequazione grafica	wyrównywanie graficzne	PEREQUAÇÃO gráfica	Графический метод выравнивания
151-3	fitting, curve	توفيق المنحنيات (توفيق)	analytische Ausgleichung	analitico	analyyttinen tasoittaminen	ajustement analytique	perequazione analitica —interpolazione	wyrównywanie analityczne	PEREQUAÇÃO analítica —AJUSTAMENTO de curva	Аналитическое выравнивание
151-4	method of least squares	طريقة المربعات الصغرى (صغير)	Methode der kleinsten Quadrate	método de mínimos cuadrados	pienimmän neliösumman menetelmä	méthode des moindres carrés	metodo dei minimi quadrati	metoda najmniejszych kwadratów	MÉTODO dos mínimos quadrados	Способ наименьших квадратов
151-5	moving average	متوسطات المتحركة (حركة)	Methode des gleitenden Durchschnitts —Methode der gleitenden Durchschnitte	medias móviles	liukuva keskiarvo	moyenne mobile	media mobile	średnia ruchoma	MÉDIA móvel	Скользящая средняя
151-6	calculus of finite differences	حساب الفروق المحدودة (حد)	Berechnung mit endlichen Differenzen —Differenzenmethode	diferencias finitas	differenssimenetelmä	calcul des différences finies	calcolo delle differenze finite	rachunek różnic skończonych	CÁLCULO das diferenças finitas	Исчисление предельных отклонений
151-7	interpolation	استكمال (استكمال)	Interpolation	interpolación	interpolointi	interpolation	interpolazione	interpolacja	INTERPOLAÇÃO	Интерполяция
151-8	extrapolation	استيفاء	Extrapolation	extrapolación,	ekstrapolointi	extrapolation	estrapolazione —extrapolazione	ekstrapolacja	EXTRAPOLAÇÃO	Экстраполяция

It is occasionally desirable to replace a series of figures by another series that shows greater regularity. This process is known as graduation ¹ or smoothing ¹, and it generally consists of passing a smooth curve through a number of points in the time series or other series, such as the number of persons distributed by reported age. If a free-hand curve is drawn the process is called graphic graduation ². When analytical mathematical methods are used, this is called curve fitting ³. A mathematical curve is fitted to the data, possibly by the method of least squares ⁴, which minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the original and the graduated series. Other methods include moving averages ⁵ or involve the use of the calculus of finite differences ⁶. Some of these procedures may be used for interpolation ⁷, the estimation of values of the series at points intermediate between given values, or for extrapolation ⁸, the estimation of values outside of the range for which it was given.

1. Graduation, n. - graduate, v. - graduated, adj. Smoothing, n. - smooth, v. - smoothed, adj.
7. Interpolation, n. - interpolate, v. - interpolated, adj.
8. Extrapolation, n. - extrapolate, v. - extrapolated, adj.

Audio pronunciation

graduation

smoothing

graphic graduation

fitting, curve

fitting, curve

method of least squares

method of least squares

moving average

moving average

calculus of finite differences

calculus of finite differences

interpolation

interpolation

extrapolation

extrapolation

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+{{Gallery
+| caption={{Lang_audio_pronunciation_-en}}
+| width=100
+| height=20
+| lines=3
+|151_1_1_en_I Graduation.ogg|'''graduation'''
+|151_1_2_en_I Smoothing.ogg|'''smoothing'''
+|151_2_1_en_I Graphic graduation.ogg|'''graphic graduation'''
+|151_3_1_en_I Fitting, curve.ogg|'''fitting, curve'''
+|151_4_1_en_I Method of least squares.ogg|'''method of least squares'''
+|151_5_1_en_I Moving average.ogg|'''moving average'''
+|151_6_1_en_I Calculus of finite differences.ogg|'''calculus of finite differences'''
+|151_7_1_en_I Interpolation.ogg|'''interpolation'''
+|151_8_1_en_I Extrapolation.ogg|'''extrapolation'''
 }}
 <noinclude>
-[[en-II:Graduation]] [[ar-II:تدريجياً]] [[cs-II:Vyrovnání]] [[de-II:Ausgeglichene Reihe]] [[es-II:Ajustada]] [[et-II:Tasandamiseks]] [[fr-II:Ajustée]] [[ja-II:補整]] [[ru-II:Выравнивание]] [[zh-II:修匀]]
+[[en-I:graduation]] [[ar-I:تدريج بياني (بيان)]] [[de-I:ausgeglichene Reihe]] [[es-I:ajustada]] [[fi-I:tasoittaminen]] [[fr-I:ajusté]] [[it-I:perequazione]] [[pl-I:wartości wyrównane]] [[pt-I:PEREQUAÇÃO]] [[ru-I:Выравнивание]]
 </noinclude>
 <noinclude>
-[[Category:Term of the second edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
+[[Category:Term of the first edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
+[[Category:General concepts]]
+[[Category:15]]
 </noinclude>

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "Graduation"

Revision as of 20:50, 7 November 2009

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