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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "Graduation"

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition)
 
(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition)
 
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
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{{TextTerms|S=151|P=15|
+
{{TextTerms|S=151|P=15|Ed=II|CompleteIndexTerm=(GRADUATION n.)| content=
[[15#151|151]]-1 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Graduation}}
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{{NewLineT|S=151|N=1}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=Smoothing}}
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{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=1|Te=تدريجياً}}
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{{TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Vyrovnání}}
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Ausgeglichene Reihe}}
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=Geglättete Reihe}}
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=3|Te=Ausgleichung}}
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{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Ajustada}}
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{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=3|Te=Suavizamiento}}
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{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Tasandamiseks}}
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{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Ajustée}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=Ajustement}}
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{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=3|Te=Lissage}}
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TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=3|Te=lissage}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=1|Te=補整}}
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{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Выравнивание}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=Сглаживание}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=3|Te=graduazione}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=1|Te=修匀}}
+
TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=1|Te=補整}}{{
<br/>[[15#151|151]]-2 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Graphic graduation}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=suavização}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=2|Te=تمهيد البياني}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=تدريج البياني}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Grafické vyrovnání}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Graphischen Ausgleichung}}
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{{NewLineT|S=151|N=2}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Ajuste gráfico}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Graafilisest tasandamisest}}
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{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=Visuaalsest tasandamisest}}
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{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Ajustement graphique}}
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{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=2|Te=グラフ補整}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Графическим выравниванием}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Smoothing}}
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{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=作图上修匀}}
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<br/>[[15#151|151]]-3 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Curve fitting}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=3|Te=تمهيد التحليلي}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=3|SubN=2|Te=تدريج التحليلي}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=3|SubN=3|Te=توفيق المنحني}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Analytickém vyrovnání}}
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{{NewLineT|S=151|N=3}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Klouzavých průměrů}}
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{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Ajuste analítico}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Analüütilisel tasandamisel}}
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{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Ajustement analytique}}
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{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=3|Te=曲线配合}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=3|Te=ajustement analytique}}{{
<br/>[[15#151|151]]-4 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Method of least squares}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Methode der kleinsten Quadrate}}
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{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Vähimruutude meetod}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Méthode des moindres carrés}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=151|N=4}} {{
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+
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{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Методом наименьших квадратов}}
+
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+
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<br/>[[15#151|151]]-5 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Moving averages}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=5|Te=متوسطات المتحركة}}
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{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Promedios móviles}}
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{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Libiseva keskmise}}
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{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Скользящую среднюю}}
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{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=5|Te=滑动平均数}}
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{{NewLineT|S=151|N=5}} {{
<br/>[[15#151|151]]-6 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Calculus of finite differences}}
+
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{{TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Výpočet konečných diferencí}}
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Differenzenmethode}}
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{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Исчисление конечных разностей}}
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<br/>[[15#151|151]]-7 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Interpolation}}
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{{TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Interpolaci}}
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<br/>[[15#151|151]]-8 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Extrapolation}}
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{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Extrapolation}}
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{{NewLineT|S=151|N=7}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Extrapolación}}
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 +
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 +
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 +
Lang=en|Lang2=ar|Lang3=cs|Lang4=de|Lang5=es|Lang6=fr|Lang7=it|Lang8=ja|Lang9=pt|Lang10=ru|Lang11=zh}}
 +
 
 +
{{Gallery
 +
| caption={{Lang_audio_pronunciation_-en}}
 +
| width=100
 +
| height=20
 +
| lines=3
 +
|151_1_1_en_II Graduation.ogg|'''graduation'''
 +
|151_1_2_en_II Smoothing.ogg|'''smoothing'''
 +
|151_2_1_en_II Graphic graduation.ogg|'''graphic graduation'''
 +
|151_3_1_en_II Curve fitting.ogg|'''curve fitting'''
 +
|151_4_1_en_II Method of least squares.ogg|'''method of least squares'''
 +
|151_5_1_en_II Moving average.ogg|'''moving average'''
 +
|151_6_1_en_II Calculus of finite differences.ogg|'''calculus of finite differences'''
 +
|151_7_1_en_II Interpolation.ogg|'''interpolation'''
 +
|151_8_1_en_II Extrapolation.ogg|'''extrapolation'''
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
<noinclude>
 
<noinclude>
[[en-II:Graduation]] [[ar-II:تدريجياً]] [[cs-II:Vyrovnání]] [[de-II:Ausgeglichene Reihe]] [[es-II:Ajustada]] [[et-II:Tasandamiseks]] [[fr-II:Ajustée]] [[ja-II:補整]] [[ru-II:Выравнивание]] [[zh-II:修匀]]  
+
[[en-II:graduation]] [[ar-II:تدريج]] [[cs-II:vyrovnání]] [[de-II:ausgeglichene Reihe]] [[es-II:ajustada]] [[fr-II:ajusté]] [[it-II:aggiustata]] [[ja-II:補整]] [[pt-II:suavização]] [[ru-II:Выравнивание (ряда)]] [[zh-II:修匀]]  
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>
 +
{{DEFAULTSORT:Graduation}}
 
<noinclude>
 
<noinclude>
 
[[Category:Term of the second edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
 
[[Category:Term of the second edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
 +
[[Category:General concepts]]
 +
[[Category:15]]
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>

Latest revision as of 05:04, 5 February 2010

Graduation  (GRADUATION n.)


It is occasionally desirable to replace a series of figures by another series that shows greater regularity. This process is known as graduation 1 or smoothing 1, and it generally consists of passing a smooth curve through a number of points in the time series or other series, such as the number of persons distributed by reported age. If a free-hand curve is drawn the process is called graphic graduation 2. When analytical mathematical methods are used, this is called curve fitting 3. A mathematical curve is fitted to the data, possibly by the method of least squares 4, which minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the original and the graduated series. Other methods include moving averages 5 or involve the use of the calculus of finite differences 6. Some of these procedures may be used for interpolation 7, the estimation of values of the series at points intermediate between given values, or for extrapolation 8, the estimation of values outside of the range for which it was given.

  • 1. Graduation, n. - graduate, v. - graduated, adj. Smoothing, n. - smooth, v. - smoothed, adj.
  • 7. Interpolation, n. - interpolate, v. - interpolated, adj.
  • 8. Extrapolation, n. - extrapolate, v. - extrapolated, adj.

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