Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Latest revision as of 06:04, 5 February 2010

Graduation (GRADUATION n.)

Translation
Section	English 151	Arabic 151	Czech 151	German 151	Spanish 151	French 151	Italian 151	Japanese 151	Portuguese 151	Russian 151	Chinese 151
151-1	graduation —smoothing	تدريج—تمهيد	vyrovnání	ausgeglichene Reihe —geglättete Reihe —Ausgleichung —Glättung	ajustada —ajuste —suavizamiento	ajusté —ajustement —lissage	aggiustata —perequazione —graduazione	補整	suavização	Выравнивание (ряда) —Сглаживание (ряда)	修匀
151-2	graphic graduation	تمهيد البياني—تدريج البياني	grafické vyrovnání	graphische Ausgleichung	ajuste gráfico	ajustement graphique	perequazione grafica	グラフ補整	suavização gráfica	Графическое выравнивание	作图上修匀
151-3	curve fitting	تمهيد التحليلي—تدريج التحليلي—توفيق المنحي	analytické vyrovnání	analytische Ausgleichung —Kurvenanpassung	ajuste analítico	ajustement analytique	perequazione analitica	曲線の当てはめ	ajuste de curva	Подгонка кривой	曲线拟合
151-4	method of least squares	طريقة المربعات الصغرى	metoda nejmenších čtverců	Methode der kleinsten Quadrate	método de mínimos cuadrados	méthode des moindres carrés	metodo dei minimi quadrati	最小二乗法	método dos mínimos quadrados	Метод наименьших квадратов	最小二乘法
151-5	moving average	متوسطات المتحركة	klouzavý průměr	Methode des gleitenden Durchschnitts	promedios móviles	moyenne mobile	medie mobili	移動平均	médias móveis	Скользящая средняя	移动平均数法
151-6	calculus of finite differences	حساب الفروق المحدودة	výpočet konečných diferencí	Differenzenmethode	diferencias finitas	calcul des différences finies	calcolo delle differenze finite	有限差異の微積分	cálculo das diferenças finitas	Исчисление предельных отклонений	差分法
151-7	interpolation	إستكمال	interpolace	Interpolation	interpolación	interpolation	interpolazione	内挿（補間）	interpolação	Интерполяция	内插
151-8	extrapolation	استيفاء	extrapolace	Extrapolation	extrapolación	extrapolation	estrapolazione	外挿（補外）	extrapoção	Экстраполяция	外推

It is occasionally desirable to replace a series of figures by another series that shows greater regularity. This process is known as graduation ¹ or smoothing ¹, and it generally consists of passing a smooth curve through a number of points in the time series or other series, such as the number of persons distributed by reported age. If a free-hand curve is drawn the process is called graphic graduation ². When analytical mathematical methods are used, this is called curve fitting ³. A mathematical curve is fitted to the data, possibly by the method of least squares ⁴, which minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the original and the graduated series. Other methods include moving averages ⁵ or involve the use of the calculus of finite differences ⁶. Some of these procedures may be used for interpolation ⁷, the estimation of values of the series at points intermediate between given values, or for extrapolation ⁸, the estimation of values outside of the range for which it was given.

1. Graduation, n. - graduate, v. - graduated, adj. Smoothing, n. - smooth, v. - smoothed, adj.
7. Interpolation, n. - interpolate, v. - interpolated, adj.
8. Extrapolation, n. - extrapolate, v. - extrapolated, adj.

Audio pronunciation

graduation

smoothing

graphic graduation

curve fitting

curve fitting

method of least squares

method of least squares

moving average

moving average

calculus of finite differences

calculus of finite differences

interpolation

interpolation

extrapolation

extrapolation

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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 {{Gallery
@@ Line 112: / Line 120: @@
 | height=20
 | lines=3
-|151_1_1_en_I Graduation.ogg|'''graduation'''
+|151_1_1_en_II Graduation.ogg|'''graduation'''
-|151_1_2_en_I Smoothing.ogg|'''smoothing'''
+|151_1_2_en_II Smoothing.ogg|'''smoothing'''
-|151_2_1_en_I Graphic graduation.ogg|'''graphic graduation'''
+|151_2_1_en_II Graphic graduation.ogg|'''graphic graduation'''
-|151_3_1_en_I Fitting, curve.ogg|'''fitting, curve'''
+|151_3_1_en_II Curve fitting.ogg|'''curve fitting'''
-|151_4_1_en_I Method of least squares.ogg|'''method of least squares'''
+|151_4_1_en_II Method of least squares.ogg|'''method of least squares'''
-|151_5_1_en_I Moving average.ogg|'''moving average'''
+|151_5_1_en_II Moving average.ogg|'''moving average'''
-|151_6_1_en_I Calculus of finite differences.ogg|'''calculus of finite differences'''
+|151_6_1_en_II Calculus of finite differences.ogg|'''calculus of finite differences'''
-|151_7_1_en_I Interpolation.ogg|'''interpolation'''
+|151_7_1_en_II Interpolation.ogg|'''interpolation'''
-|151_8_1_en_I Extrapolation.ogg|'''extrapolation'''
+|151_8_1_en_II Extrapolation.ogg|'''extrapolation'''
 }}
 <noinclude>
-[[en-I:graduation]] [[ar-I:تدريج بياني (بيان)]] [[de-I:ausgeglichene Reihe]] [[es-I:ajustada]] [[fi-I:tasoittaminen]] [[fr-I:ajusté]] [[it-I:perequazione]] [[pl-I:wartości wyrównane]] [[pt-I:PEREQUAÇÃO]] [[ru-I:Выравнивание]]
+[[en-II:graduation]] [[ar-II:تدريج]] [[cs-II:vyrovnání]] [[de-II:ausgeglichene Reihe]] [[es-II:ajustada]] [[fr-II:ajusté]] [[it-II:aggiustata]] [[ja-II:補整]] [[pt-II:suavização]] [[ru-II:Выравнивание (ряда)]] [[zh-II:修匀]]
 </noinclude>
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Graduation}}
 <noinclude>
-[[Category:Term of the first edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
+[[Category:Term of the second edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
 [[Category:General concepts]]
 [[Category:15]]
 </noinclude>

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "Graduation"

Latest revision as of 06:04, 5 February 2010

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