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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume
Difference between revisions of "Level of living"
Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
(Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 1958) |
(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition) |
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<!--'''level of living'''--> | <!--'''level of living'''--> | ||
| − | {{TextTerms|S=902|P=90|Ed= | + | {{TextTerms|S=902|P=90|Ed=II|CompleteIndexTerm=(LEVEL of living)| content= |
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=1}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=1}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=overpopulation}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=1|Te=إكتظاظ السكان}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=přelidnění}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=de|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Überbevölkerung}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=es|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=sobrepoblación}}{{ |
| − | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=sobrepoblamiento}}{{ | |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|Te=surpeuplement}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=surpopulation}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=sovrappopolamento}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=sovrappopolazione}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=1|Te=過剰人口}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=superpopulação}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Перенаселенность}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=1|Color=yes|Te=人口过剩}} |
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=2}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=2}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=2|Color=yes|Te=underpopulation}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=2|Te=تخلخل السكان}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=2|Color=yes|Te=nedolidnění}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=de|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Unterbevölkerung}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=es|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=2|Color=yes|Te=subpoblación}}{{ |
| − | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=subpoblamiento}}{{ | |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=2|Te=sous-peuplement}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=sous-population}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=2|Color=yes|Te=sottopopolamento}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=sottopopolazione}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=2|Te=過少人口}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=2|Color=yes|Te=subpopulação}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Недонаселенность}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=2|Color=yes|Te=人口不足}} |
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=3}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=3}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=3|Color=yes|Te=level of development}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=3|Te=مستوى التنمية}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=3|Color=yes|Te=úroveň rozvoje}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Entwicklungsstufe}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=3|SubN=2|Te=Entwicklungsniveau}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=3|Color=yes|Te=grado de desarrollo}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=3|Te=degré de développement}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=3|Color=yes|Te=livello di sviluppo}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=3|Te=発展水準}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=3|Color=yes|Te=nível de desenvolvimento}}{{ |
| + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Уровень развития}}{{ | ||
| + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=3|Color=yes|Te=发展水平}} | ||
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=4}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=4}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=4|Color=yes|Te=optimum population}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=optimum}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=4|Te=عدد السكان الأمثل}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=4|Color=yes|Te=populační optimum}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=de|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=optimální velikost populace}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=es|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Bevölkerungsoptimum}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=Optimale Bevölkerung}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=4|Color=yes|Te=óptimo de población}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=población óptima}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=4|Te=optimum de peuplement}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=population optimale}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=4|Color=yes|Te=ottimo di popolazione}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=popolazione ottimale}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=4|Te=適度人口}}{{ |
| + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=適度}}{{ | ||
| + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=4|Color=yes|Te=ótimo de população}}{{ | ||
| + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=ótimo}}{{ | ||
| + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Оптимум населения}}{{ | ||
| + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=4|Color=yes|Te=适度人口}}{{ | ||
| + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=适度}} | ||
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=5}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=5}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=5|Color=yes|Te=economic optimum}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=5|Te=عدد السكان الأمثل إقتصاديا}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=5|Color=yes|Te=ekonomické optimum}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=5|Te=wirtschaftliche(s) Bevölkerungsoptimum}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=5|Color=yes|Te=óptimo económico}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=5|Te=optimum économique}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=5|Color=yes|Te=ottimo economico}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=5|Te=経済的適度}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=5|Color=yes|Te=ótimo econômico}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Экономический оптимум}}{{ |
| + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=5|Color=yes|Te=经济适度人口}} | ||
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=6}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=6}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=6|Color=yes|Te=level of living}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=6|SubN=2|Te=standard of living}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=6|Te=مستوى المعيشة}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=6|Color=yes|Te=životní úroveň}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=6|SubN=2|Te=životní standard}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=de|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Lebensstandard}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=es|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=6|Color=yes|Te=nivel de vida}}{{ |
| − | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=6|Te=niveau de vie}}{{ | |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=6|Color=yes|Te=livello di vita}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=6|Te=生活水準}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=6|SubN=2|Te=生活標準}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=6|Color=yes|Te=nível de vida}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=6|SubN=2|Te=padrão de vida}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Уровень жизни}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=6|Color=yes|Te=生活水平}}{{ |
| + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=6|SubN=2|Te=生活标准}} | ||
{{NewLineT|S=902|N=7}} {{ | {{NewLineT|S=902|N=7}} {{ | ||
| − | TofT|Lang=en|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=7|Color=yes|Te=real national income per capita}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=7|Te=نصيب الفرد من الدخل الحقيقي}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=cs|Ed=II|N=7|Color=yes|Te=národní důchod na obyvatele}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=7|Te=reales Volkseinkommen pro Kopf der Bevölkerung}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=reales Pro-Kopf-Einkommen}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=7|Color=yes|Te=ingreso medio real per capita}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=7|Te=revenu réel moyen par tête}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=it|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=it|Ed=II|N=7|Color=yes|Te=reddito reale medio pro-capite}}{{ |
| − | + | TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=7|Te=1人当たり実質国民所得}}{{ | |
| − | TofT|Lang= | + | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=II|N=7|Color=yes|Te=renda nacional real per capita}}{{ |
| − | TofT|Lang=pt|Ed= | + | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Реальный национальный доход на душу населения}}{{ |
| − | + | TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=7|Color=yes|Te=实际人均国民收入}}| | |
| − | TofT|Lang=ru|Ed= | + | Lang=en|Lang2=ar|Lang3=cs|Lang4=de|Lang5=es|Lang6=fr|Lang7=it|Lang8=ja|Lang9=pt|Lang10=ru|Lang11=zh}} |
| − | TofT|Lang= | ||
| − | Lang=en|Lang2=ar|Lang3= | ||
{{Gallery | {{Gallery | ||
| Line 106: | Line 114: | ||
| height=20 | | height=20 | ||
| lines=3 | | lines=3 | ||
| − | | | + | |902_1_1_en_II Overpopulation.ogg|'''overpopulation''' |
| − | | | + | |902_2_1_en_II Underpopulation.ogg|'''underpopulation''' |
| − | | | + | |902_3_1_en_II Level of development.ogg|'''level of development''' |
| − | | | + | |902_4_1_en_II Optimum population.ogg|'''optimum population''' |
| − | | | + | |902_4_2_en_II Optimum.ogg|'''optimum''' |
| − | | | + | |902_5_1_en_II Economic optimum.ogg|'''economic optimum''' |
| − | | | + | |902_6_1_en_II Level of living.ogg|'''level of living''' |
| − | | | + | |902_6_2_en_II Standard of living.ogg|'''standard of living''' |
| − | | | + | |902_7_1_en_II Real national income per capita.ogg|'''real national income per capita''' |
}} | }} | ||
<noinclude> | <noinclude> | ||
| − | [[en- | + | [[en-II:level of living]] [[ar-II:مستوى المعيشة]] [[cs-II:životní úroveň]] [[de-II:Lebensstandard]] [[es-II:nivel de vida]] [[fr-II:niveau de vie]] [[it-II:livello di vita]] [[ja-II:生活水準]] [[pt-II:nível de vida]] [[ru-II:Уровень жизни]] [[zh-II:生活水平]] |
</noinclude> | </noinclude> | ||
| + | {{DEFAULTSORT:Level of living}} | ||
<noinclude> | <noinclude> | ||
| − | [[Category:Term of the | + | [[Category:Term of the second edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]] |
[[Category:Economic and social aspects of demography]] | [[Category:Economic and social aspects of demography]] | ||
[[Category:90]] | [[Category:90]] | ||
</noinclude> | </noinclude> | ||
Latest revision as of 08:30, 5 February 2010
| Translation | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Section | English 902 |
Arabic 902 |
Czech 902 |
German 902 |
Spanish 902 |
French 902 |
Italian 902 |
Japanese 902 |
Portuguese 902 |
Russian 902 |
Chinese 902 |
| 902-1 | overpopulation | إكتظاظ السكان | přelidnění | Überbevölkerung | sobrepoblación —sobrepoblamiento |
surpeuplement —surpopulation |
sovrappopolamento —sovrappopolazione |
過剰人口 | superpopulação | Перенаселенность | 人口过剩 |
| 902-2 | underpopulation | تخلخل السكان | nedolidnění | Unterbevölkerung | subpoblación —subpoblamiento |
sous-peuplement —sous-population |
sottopopolamento —sottopopolazione |
過少人口 | subpopulação | Недонаселенность | 人口不足 |
| 902-3 | level of development | مستوى التنمية | úroveň rozvoje | Entwicklungsstufe —Entwicklungsniveau |
grado de desarrollo | degré de développement | livello di sviluppo | 発展水準 | nível de desenvolvimento | Уровень развития | 发展水平 |
| 902-4 | optimum population —optimum |
عدد السكان الأمثل | populační optimum —optimální velikost populace |
Bevölkerungsoptimum —Optimale Bevölkerung |
óptimo de población —población óptima |
optimum de peuplement —population optimale |
ottimo di popolazione —popolazione ottimale |
適度人口 —適度 |
ótimo de população —ótimo |
Оптимум населения | 适度人口 —适度 |
| 902-5 | economic optimum | عدد السكان الأمثل إقتصاديا | ekonomické optimum | wirtschaftliche(s) Bevölkerungsoptimum | óptimo económico | optimum économique | ottimo economico | 経済的適度 | ótimo econômico | Экономический оптимум | 经济适度人口 |
| 902-6 | level of living —standard of living |
مستوى المعيشة | životní úroveň —životní standard |
Lebensstandard | nivel de vida | niveau de vie | livello di vita | 生活水準 —生活標準 |
nível de vida —padrão de vida |
Уровень жизни | 生活水平 —生活标准 |
| 902-7 | real national income per capita | نصيب الفرد من الدخل الحقيقي | národní důchod na obyvatele | reales Volkseinkommen pro Kopf der Bevölkerung —reales Pro-Kopf-Einkommen |
ingreso medio real per capita | revenu réel moyen par tête | reddito reale medio pro-capite | 1人当たり実質国民所得 | renda nacional real per capita | Реальный национальный доход на душу населения | 实际人均国民收入 |
Consideration of the relations between population size and resources leads to the concepts of overpopulation 1 and underpopulation 2. These terms are defined only at a given fixed level of development 3. When neither a larger nor a smaller population would yield advantages, there is said to be an optimum population 4, sometimes briefly called an optimum 4. The advantages yielded may be economic in character and in that case it is an economic optimum 5. The discussion of economic optima generally proceeds in terms of economic welfare but, as this is difficult to ascertain empirically, the level of living 6 or standard of living 6 is sometimes substituted. This is approximated by the real national income per capita 7 i.e., the total amount of goods and services produced in a particular period (or its equivalent in money income adjusted for variation in purchasing power) divided by the total population during the period.
- 1. Overpopulation, n. - overpopulated, adj.
- 2. Underpopulation, n. - underpopulated, adj.
- 5. Some writers have used the concept of a power optimum and a social optimum as well as of an economic optimum.
- 6. The expression "standard of living" is restricted by some economists to mean an accepted goal or recognized set of needs, as constrasted with the level of living actually attained. Others use these terms interchangeably.
- 7. Other measures such as the gross national product per capita, are also used.
Audio pronunciation
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