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Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English volume

Difference between revisions of "Replacement index"

Multilingual Demographic Dictionary, second unified edition, English vol.
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(Etienne van de Walle et al., second 1982 edition)
 
(Eugen Grebenik et al., first edition 1958)
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<!--'''Replacement index'''-->
+
<!--'''replacement index'''-->
{{TextTerms|S=711|P=71|
+
{{TextTerms|S=711|P=71|Ed=I|CompleteIndexTerm=(REPLACEMENT index)| content=
[[71#711|711]]-1 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Replacement rates}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=1}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=Reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=1|Color=yes|Te=replacement rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=1|Te=معدلات التكاثر}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=1|SubN=2|Te=reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=معدلات التعويض}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=1|Te=معدلات التكاثر (معدل)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Reproduktionsmaßen}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=1|SubN=2|Te=معدلات التعويض (معدل)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Tasas de reproducción}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=1|Color=yes|Te=Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Taastekordajaid}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=1|Te=tasas de reproducción}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=Asendumiskordajaid}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=1|Color=yes|Te=uusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Taux de reproduction}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=1|Te=taux de reproduction}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=1|Te=置換率}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=1|Color=yes|Te=saggio di riproduttività}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=1|Te=współczynniki reprodukcji}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=1|Te=Коэффициентами  воспроизводства}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=1|Color=yes|Te=TAXA de reprodução}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=1|Te=更替率}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=1|Te=Коэффициент воспроизводства}}
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=1|SubN=2|Te=再生产率}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=2}} {{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-2 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Female reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=2|Color=yes|Te=female reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=Maternal reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=2|SubN=2|Te=maternal reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=2|Te=معدلات التكاثر المؤنث}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=2|Te=معدلات التكاثر المؤنث (امن)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Weibliche Reproduktionsziffern}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=2|Color=yes|Te=weibliche Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Tasas de reproducción femenina}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=2|SubN=2|Te=Ziffer der weiblichen Reproduktion}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=Tasas de reemplazo femenino}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=2|Te=tasas de reproducción femenina}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Naisrahvastiku taastekordajad}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=2|Color=yes|Te=naislinjainen uusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Reproduction féminine}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=2|Te=taux de reproduction féminine}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=2|Te=女子再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=2|Color=yes|Te=saggio di riproduttività femminile}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=2|Te=Коэффициенты  воспроизводства женского населения}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=2|Te=współczynniki reprodukcji  kobiet}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=2|Te=女性再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=2|Color=yes|Te=TAXA de reprodução feminina}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=2|SubN=2|Te=母系再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=2|SubN=2|Te=TAXA de reprodução materna}}{{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-3 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Net reproduction rate}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=2|Te=Коэффициент воспроизводства женского населения}}
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=3|Te=معدل التكاثر الصافي}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=3}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Weibliche Nettoreproduktionsziffer}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=3|Color=yes|Te=net reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Tasa neta de reproducción}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=3|Te=معدل التكاثر الصافي (صاف)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Netokordaja}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=3|Color=yes|Te=reine Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Taux net de reproduction}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=3|Te=tasa neta de reproducción}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=3|SubN=2|Te=Taux de reproduction nette}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=3|SubN=2|Te=tasa de reproducción neta}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=3|Te=純再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=3|Color=yes|Te=nettouusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=3|Te=Нетто-коэффициент  воспроизводства женского населения}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=3|Te=taux net de reproduction}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=3|Te=净再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=3|SubN=2|Te=taux de reproduction nette}}{{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-4 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Gross reproduction rate}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=3|Color=yes|Te=saggio netto di riproduttività femminile}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=4|Te=و معدل التكاثر الأولي}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=3|SubN=2|Te=saggio netto di riproduttività}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Weibliche Bruttoreproduktionsziffer}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=3|Te=współczynnik reprodukcji  netto kobiet}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Tasa bruta de reproducción}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=3|Color=yes|Te=LÍQUIDA taxa de reprodução}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Taaste brutokordaja}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=3|Te=Очищенный показатель воспроизводства}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Taux brut de reproduction}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=3|SubN=2|Te=воспроизводства}}
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=4|SubN=2|Te=Taux de reproduction brute}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=4}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=4|Te=総再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=4|Color=yes|Te=gross reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=4|Te=Брутто-коэффициент воспроизводство женского населения}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=4|Te=معدل التكاثر الإجمالي (معدل)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=4|Te=总再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=4|Color=yes|Te=rohe Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-5 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Male reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=4|Te=tasa bruta de reproducción}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=5|SubN=2|Te=Paternal reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=4|SubN=2|Te=tasa de reproducción bruta}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=5|Te=معدل التكاثر المذكر}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=4|Color=yes|Te=bruttouusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=5|SubN=2|Te=معدل التكاثر الأبوي}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=4|Te=taux brut de reproduction}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Männliche Reproduktionsziffern}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=4|SubN=2|Te=taux de reproduction brute}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Tasas de reproducción masculina}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=4|Color=yes|Te=saggio lordo di riproduttività femminile}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Meesrahvastiku taastekordajaid}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=4|SubN=2|Te=saggio lordo di riproduttività}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Reproduction masculine}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=4|Te=współczynnik reprodukcji  brutto kobiet}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=5|Te=男子再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=4|Color=yes|Te=BRUTA taxa de reprodução}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=5|SubN=2|Te=父性再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=4|Te=Валовой показатель воспроизводства}}
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=5|Te=Коэффициент воспроизводство мужского населения}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=5}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=5|Te=男性再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=5|Color=yes|Te=male reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=5|SubN=2|Te=父系再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=5|SubN=2|Te=paternal reproduction rate}}{{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-6 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Joint reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=5|Te=معدلات التكاثر المذكر (ذكر)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=6|Te=معدلات تكاثر الجنسين}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=5|SubN=2|Te=معدلات التكاثر الأبوي (أب)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Kombinierte Reproduktionsziffern}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=5|Color=yes|Te=männliche Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Tasas de reproducción para ambos sexos}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=5|SubN=2|Te=Ziffer der männlichen Reproduktion}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Liittaastekordajaid}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=5|Te=tasa de reproducción masculina}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=6|Te=両性再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=5|Color=yes|Te=mieslinjainen uusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=6|Te=Общие коэффициенты воспроизводства}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=5|Te=taux de reproduction masculine}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=6|Te=综合再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=5|Color=yes|Te=saggio di riproduttività maschile}}{{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-7 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Cohort reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=5|Te=współczynnik reprodukcji  w linii męskiej}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=Generation reproduction rates}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=5|SubN=2|Te=współczynnik reprodukcji  mężczyzn}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=7|Te=معدل تكاثر الفوج}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=5|Color=yes|Te=TAXA de reprodução masculina}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=معدل تكاثر الجيل}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=5|SubN=2|Te=TAXA de reprodução paterna}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Generationenreproduktionsziffern}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=5|Te=Коэффициент воспроизводства мужского населения}}
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Tasas de reproducción por cohorte}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=6}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=Tasas de reproducción por generaciones}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=6|Color=yes|Te=joint reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Põlvkonna taastekordajad}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=6|Te=معدلات تكاثر الجنسين (جنس)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=Kohorttaastekordajad}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=6|Color=yes|Te=kombinierte Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=7|Te=Taux de reproduction de génération}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=6|Te=tasas de reproducción de sexos combi­nados}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=7|Te=、コウホート再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=6|Color=yes|Te=yhdistetty uusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=世代再生産率}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=6|Te=taux de reproduction sexes combinés}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=7|Te= коэффициенты воспроизводства по поколениям}}
+
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=6|Color=yes|Te=saggio di riproduttività congiunta}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=7|Te=同批人再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=6|Te=współczynniki reprodukcji  dla obu płci łącznie}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=7|SubN=2|Te=一代人再生产率}}
+
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=6|Color=yes|Te=TAXA de reprodução conjunta}}{{
<br/>[[71#711|711]]-8 {{TofT|Lang=en|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Replacement index}}
+
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=6|Te=Общий коэффициент воспроизводства}}
{{TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=II|N=8|Te=تعويض}}
+
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=7}} {{
{{TofT|Lang=de|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Reproduktionsindikator}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=7|Color=yes|Te=cohort reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=es|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Índice de reemplazo}}
+
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=7|SubN=2|Te=generation reproduction rate}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=et|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Taasteindeksit}}
+
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=7|Te=معدل تكاثر الفوج (فوج)}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Indice de remplacement}}
+
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=7|Color=yes|Te=Generations-Reproduktionsziffer}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ja|Ed=II|N=8|Te=置換指数}}
+
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=7|Te=tasas de reproducción de generaciones}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=II|N=8|Te=Индекс возобновления}}
+
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=7|Color=yes|Te=kohorttiuusiutumisluku}}{{
{{TofT|Lang=zh|Ed=II|N=8|Te=更替指数}}
+
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=7|Te=taux de reproduction de génération}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=7|Color=yes|Te=saggio di riproduttività per generazione}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=7|Te=współczynniki reprodukcji  dla generacji}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=7|Color=yes|Te=TAXA de reprodução de coorte}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=7|SubN=2|Te=TAXA de reprodução de geração}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=7|Te=Коэффициент Воспроизводства по поколениям}}
 +
{{NewLineT|S=711|N=8}} {{
 +
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=8|Color=yes|Te=replacement index}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=en|Ed=I|N=8|SubN=2|Te=j-ratio}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=ar|Ed=I|N=8|Te=دليل التعويض (دليل)}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=8|Color=yes|Te=Erneuerungsindex}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=de|Ed=I|N=8|SubN=2|Te=Ersatzindex}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=es|Ed=I|N=8|Te=índice de reemplazamiento}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=fi|Ed=I|N=8|Color=yes|Te=uusiutumisindeksi}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=fr|Ed=I|N=8|Te=indice de remplacement}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=8|Color=yes|Te=metodo di sopravvivenza dei nati}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=it|Ed=I|N=8|SubN=2|Te=indice di sostituzione}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=pl|Ed=I|N=8|Te=wskaźnik odnowy (ludności)}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=pt|Ed=I|N=8|Color=yes|Te=ÍNDICE de reposição}}{{
 +
TofT|Lang=ru|Ed=I|N=8|Te=Индекс возобновления}}|
 +
Lang=en|Lang2=ar|Lang3=de|Lang4=es|Lang5=fi|Lang6=fr|Lang7=it|Lang8=pl|Lang9=pt|Lang10=ru}}
 +
 
 +
{{Gallery
 +
| caption={{Lang_audio_pronunciation_-en}}
 +
| width=100
 +
| height=20
 +
| lines=3
 +
|711_1_1_en_I Replacement rate.ogg|'''replacement rate'''
 +
|711_1_2_en_I Reproduction rate.ogg|'''reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_2_1_en_I Female reproduction rate.ogg|'''female reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_2_2_en_I Maternal reproduction rate.ogg|'''maternal reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_3_1_en_I Net reproduction rate.ogg|'''net reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_4_1_en_I Gross reproduction rate.ogg|'''gross reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_5_1_en_I Male reproduction rate.ogg|'''male reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_5_2_en_I Paternal reproduction rate.ogg|'''paternal reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_6_1_en_I Joint reproduction rate.ogg|'''joint reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_7_1_en_I Cohort reproduction rate.ogg|'''cohort reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_7_2_en_I Generation reproduction rate.ogg|'''generation reproduction rate'''
 +
|711_8_1_en_I Replacement index.ogg|'''replacement index'''
 +
|711_8_2_en_I J-ratio.ogg|'''j-ratio'''
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
<noinclude>
 
<noinclude>
[[en-II:Replacement index]] [[ar-II:تعويض]] [[de-II:Reproduktionsindikator]] [[es-II:Índice de reemplazo]] [[et-II:Taasteindeksit]] [[fr-II:Indice de remplacement]] [[ja-II:置換指数]] [[ru-II:Индекс возобновления]] [[zh-II:更替指数]]  
+
[[en-I:replacement index]] [[ar-I:دليل التعويض (دليل)]] [[de-I:Erneuerungsindex]] [[es-I:índice de reemplazamiento]] [[fi-I:uusiutumisindeksi]] [[fr-I:indice de remplacement]] [[it-I:metodo di sopravvivenza dei nati]] [[pl-I:wskaźnik odnowy (ludności)]] [[pt-I:ÍNDICE de reposição]] [[ru-I:Индекс возобновления]]  
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>
 
<noinclude>
 
<noinclude>
[[Category:Term of the second edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
+
[[Category:Term of the first edition of the multilingual demographic Dictionary]]
 +
[[Category:Population growth and replacement]]
 +
[[Category:71]]
 
</noinclude>
 
</noinclude>

Revision as of 21:35, 7 November 2009

Replacement index  (REPLACEMENT index)


In this study of replacement a number of indices, replacement rates 1 or reproduction rates 1 are used. Reproduction rates are generally female reproduction rates 2 or maternal reproduction rates 2. The female net reproduction rate 3 is defined as the average number of live daughters that would be born to a hypothetical female birth cohort (116-2) which would be subjected to a set of current age-specific fertility (631-8) and mortality rates (401-2). A female gross reproduction rate 4 is computed similarly on the assumption that mortality before the end of the reproductive age is zero. Male reproduction rates 5 or paternal reproduction rates 5 can be computed analogously using male births and a male birth cohort, and certain types of joint reproduction rates 6 which take both sexes into account have been proposed. Where the experience of an actual cohort is used in the construction of reproduction rates, cohort reproduction rates 7 or generation reproduction rates 7 are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called replacement index 8 may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the stationary population (703-6). More...